戴震解经方法论发微——以《与是仲明论学书》为中心  

An Exploration of the Methodology of Dai Zhen's Interpretation of the Confucian Classics: Centered on“A Letter Discussing Academics with Shi Zhongming”

作　　者：李畅然[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学儒藏编纂与研究中心

出　　处：《文史哲》2014年第4期127-135,167-168,共9页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：2011年度国家社会科学基金年度项目"<孟子>与清代学术研究"(11CZX035)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：乾嘉考据学派的解经方法论以戴震《与是仲明论学书》为代表。借助哲学诠释学和现代语言学理论,可以揭示出《论学书》诠经纲领严密的结构和广阔的理论适应性。戴震清醒地意识到经书传达道这一逻辑预设,将经书作为平息争论的权威依据,故而采取专力于客观性解经的策略。戴震讲究以简驭繁(识断),更重视观点与材料的密合无间(精审);《论学书》的"由字以通其辞"是从抽象的字演绎到特定文本的语义解释,宋学家和古典诠释学一直错觉为归纳。《论学书》未对"由辞以通其道"作充分展开,但江永、戴震富有语用学意味的"以心相遇"说表明知人论世只是以意逆志的实施细则。《论学书》所述其师江永的"淹博"、"识断"、"精审"深具诠释学循环之精神实质;尽管戴震想通过"经典"来终止无休止的论争,却忘记自身已在动摇"字典"的权威。The methodology of interpreting the Confucian classics of the Qianjia School of textual criticism was represented by Dai Zhens'A Letter Discussing Academics with Shi Zhongming'.With the help of philosophical her-meneutics and modern linguistic theories,we can reveal the strict structure and wide theoretical applicability expressed in the interpretive outline of the Letter.Clearly aware of the logical presupposition that the Confucian classics convey Tao,Dai took the classics as the authoritative basis to quell arguments,and devoted himself to the objective interpretation of the classics.He pursued to manage complicity with simplicity(i.e.the judgment),and attached more importance to the close joint between viewpoints and materials(i.e.the accuracy).The proposition of'understanding the discourse from the words'put forward in the letter means the semantic interpretation to deduce the specific text from the abstract character,which has been misunderstood as induction in classical hermeneutics.The Letter does not fully discuss the idea of'understanding Tao from the discourse',but the highly pragmatic proposition of'meeting with the mind'by Dai Zhen and his master Jiang Yong indicates that understanding the man through his times is just the implementing rule for interpreting the authorial intention according to one's own imagination and experience.Jiang Yong's learning,judgment,and accuracy as discussed in the Letter embody the essence of the hermeneutic circle.Although Dai wanted to terminate the endless arguments by the'classics',he forgot that he had already shaken the authority of'dictionary'.

关 键 词：乾嘉考据学 戴震 经学权威主义 诠释学循环 以意逆志与知人论世 言意之辨 

分 类 号：B249.6[哲学宗教—中国哲学]