共情的性别差异及其可能的影响因素  

Gender Difference in Empathy and Possible Reasons

作　　者：苏彦捷[1] 黄翯青[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学心理学系,北京市100871

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2014年第4期77-83,183,共7页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金"共情两成分发展的心理机制:家庭教养环境和基因多态性的共同作用"(31371040);项目负责人:苏彦捷;国家自然科学基金"亲社会行为的个体差异研究:基因-激素-行为的视角"(31170995);项目负责人:苏彦捷

摘　　要：共情是分享和理解他人情绪并对他人处境做出反应的能力。共情中的性别差异受到了社会心理学、演化心理学、发展心理学和认知神经科学等多个学科的关注。尽管研究者们对共情性别差异的意见尚有不一致的地方,但来自主观报告、行为实验、心理疾病分析和生理心理学测量等方面的研究结果还是表明共情确实存在一定的性别差异。共情的性别差异可能直接来源于个体家庭内和家庭外的社会化过程,以及个体信息和情绪加工心理特征的差异,共情的性别差异更深层的原因可能是包含激素水平和大脑机能在内的生理基础的差异,而共情中性别差异的最终原因也许可以追溯到演化上的性别原型。Empathy is the capacity to experience and understand others'feeling and emotion without any confusion between oneself and others.The gender difference in empathy is a subject of intense interest in social psychology,evolutionary psychology,developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience.Although there are still disagreements concerning this gender difference,evidence from self-reports,behavioral experiments,psychiatric research,and study on physiological basis suggests that gender difference indeed plays a role in empathy and empathy-related behavior.The gender difference may be shaped from four levels of sources.Its proximate reason may lie in the process of socialization,and its deeper reason may come from the psychological characters concerning consciousness and information processing.Furthermore,the gender difference in hormonic and brain function may also contribute to this difference.The different evolutionary prototypes performed by males and females may be the ultimate reason behind the gender difference in empathy.

关 键 词：共情 性别差异 社会化 情绪敏感性 镜像神经元 

分 类 号：B844[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学]