长期施肥对新疆灰漠土土壤微生物群落结构与功能多样性的影响  

Effects of long-term fertilization on diversities of soil microbial community structure and function in grey desert soil of Xinjiang

作　　者：徐万里[1] 唐光木[1] 葛春辉[1] 王西和[1] 刘骅[1] 

机构地区：[1]新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所/绿洲养分与水土资源高效利用重点实验室,乌鲁木齐830091

出　　处：《生态学报》2015年第2期468-477,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站公益性行业(农业)科研专项(20120303)

摘　　要：以20a新疆国家灰漠土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验为平台,采用常规培养法,结合Biolog技术对可培养微生物、生理菌群数量和碳源利用进行测定分析,研究撂荒(CK0)、耕作不施肥(CK)、不同化肥(N、NK、NP、PK、NPK)、化肥配施低量高量有机肥(NPKM1和NPKM2)和秸秆还田(NPKS)等10种处理土壤微生物特征,揭示长期施肥对土壤微生物群落结构与功能多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)可培养微生物:与CK处理相比,CK0处理显著提高了细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量(P<0.05),NPKS处理微生物数量则显著降低(P<0.05);不同化肥处理的细菌(除PK处理外)、放线菌(除PK和N处理外)数量也有所增加,增幅在8.14%—135.70%和15.30%—44.78%之间;真菌数量(除NK处理外)则有一定幅度的降低;NPKM1和NPKM2处理,微生物数量最高,细菌分别增加了162.20%和173.75%,放线菌增加了34.39%和39.37%,真菌增加了63.33%和488.33%;(2)生理菌群:与CK0相比,CK处理显著提高了自生固氮菌和亚硝化细菌数量(P<0.05),显著降低了氨化细菌和纤维素分解菌数量(P<0.05);与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理显著提高土壤中与氮素转化有关的生理菌群数量(P<0.05),不同化肥处理和NPKS处理的影响不相同,NPK处理显著高于其余处理(P<0.05);(3)微生物碳源利用:微生物活性表现为NK、NPKM1、NPKM2>N、NPK、CK>PK、NPKS>CK0、NP;CK0处理3个多样性指数以及NPKM1、NPKM2和NK处理Shannon(H)指数最高,其余施肥处理差异不显著;糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和胺类是微生物利用的主要碳源。(4)聚类分析表明,除NP处理外,施氮处理土壤有较为相似的碳源利用,细菌和真菌与养分之间有较好的相关性,可培养微生物和生理菌群与微生物碳源利用的相关性较差。因此,长期不同施肥对新疆灰漠土土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性产生了显著的影响,长期耕作不施肥降低了土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性,不同化�A long-term （20 years） stationary experiment was carried out in a grey desert soil field of Xinjiang to study the effects of fertilization on soil microbial community characteristics and functional diversity. Traditional microbial cultivation method and Biolog technique were used to analyze soil microbial community, the number of bacterial physiological groups and microbial carbon utilization. Ten fertilization treatments were studied, i.e., abandonment （CK0） , cultivated without fertilization （CK）, different chemical fertilizer treatments （N, NK, NP, PK, and NPK）, NPK and organic materials （ NPKM1 ） , NPK and double compared with CK treatment, organic materials （ NPKM2）, as well as NPK and straw （NPKS）. Results showed that, （ 1 ） data on the cultivable microorganisms illustrated that the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in CK0 treatment all increased significantly （P〈 0.05）. Effects of different chemical fertilizer treatments were different. The numbers of bacteria （except PK treatment）, and actinomycetes （except PK and N treatments） increased by 8.14--135.70% and 15.30--44.78%, respectively. The numbers of fungi （except NK treatment） decreased by 10.00-- 38.33%. The numbers of microorganisms were the highest in NPKM1 and NPKM2 treatments. The bacteria numbers of NPKM1 and NPKM2 treatments increased by 162.20% and 173.75%, when comparing with CK treatment. The numbers of actinomycetes increased by 34.39% and 39.37%, while the numbers of actinomycetes increased by 63.33% and 488.33%. However, the numbers of microorganisms decreased obviously （P 〈 0.05 ）, the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi decreased by 14.17%, 21.27% and 63.33%. （2） Studies of soil bacterial physiological groups showed that, the amounts of Azotobacter and Nitrifier in CK treatment were higher than those of CK0 treatment （P〈 0.05）, but the amounts of Ammoniation and Cytophaga in CK treatment were lower （ P〈 0.05 ）. Effects of different chemical fertil

关 键 词：长期施肥 灰漠土 微生物多样性 BIOLOG 新疆 

分 类 号：S154.3[农业科学—土壤学]