“君子不器”:清代生员的职业选择  

The Vocation Choice of the Licentiates in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：霍红伟[1] 

机构地区：[1]河北师范大学法政学院

出　　处：《史林》2014年第6期82-87,181-182,共6页Historical Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目<清代官学在近代教育转型中的改制与变迁研究>(项目编号:12BZS052)的前期成果;河北师范大学2011年度人文社会科学重点项目(S2011Z06)资助

摘　　要：在清代,生员是进入仕途的初阶,是朝廷官员的候选,通过读书获取的是儒家经典中抽象的政治原则和统治理念,这正是统治者期望的。生员的正途是中举和出贡,但因科举名额的限制,能够在功名上获得升迁的尚不足十分之一。为此,大多数生员因无法入仕而需要在基层社会中进行职业选择,然而所读之书与所受之训练并没有提供从事某一职业的专门知识和职业技能。生员对于自己的期望是"君子不器",而不是掌握某种具体技艺的专家或工匠。由于功名和身份的原因,从事文字方面的工作,特别是担任塾师是生员的首要选择,而农工商医等职业对于生员并没有太大的吸引力。During the Qing Dynasty,the licentiate was the first step for a common intellectual to be a government official. However,the number of matriculates was limited,only less than one tenth of them could succeed.Most of the licentiates had no opportunities,they had to earn their living by choosing other occupations.Due to the reputation and scholarly honor,they preferred to be a teacher of Sishu( traditional schools) or a writer,only a few of them would like to be peasants,handicraftsmen,traders and herbalist doctors.

关 键 词：生员 职业 科举 士农工商 君子不器 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]