论司马迁的史学思想  

On the Historiographical Thoughts of Sima Qian

作　　者：郑先兴[1] 

机构地区：[1]南阳师范学院汉文化研究中心,河南南阳473061

出　　处：《南阳师范学院学报》2015年第2期25-35,共11页Journal of Nanyang Normal University

基　　金：河南省社会科学规划项目(70255)

摘　　要：在司马迁看来,历史学研究的对象是"天人之际"和"古今之变",其任务是"成一家之言"。历史学是属于政治性的学问,其功用就是政治教化与鉴戒。历史是人类自身的活动,尤其是那些杰出人物的活动。但是人并不能完全主宰历史,人在活动中必须遵守其规律,必须考虑时势、经济、仁智与传统等因素,否则终将受到历史的处罚,被历史的滚滚洪流所淘汰。历史是可以认识的,其形式有文献、考察与口述等,其范畴为"天人""古今"与"始终";衡量历史认识正确与否的标准为历史事实和历史文献。司马迁以仁义为核心价值,其研究方法主要展现在历史类比、文明史观和理论分析三个方面。在史料编纂方面,遵循宗法政治、仁义与智慧的编纂原则,采用"述而不作""雅驯"和"论其轶事"的编纂方法。凡是有专著传世的学者,都可以看作是历史学家;史家的伟大是基于论著中历史规律的揭示,从而指导人们的历史活动,尤其是政治行为。整体上看,《史记》具有官方史学藩篱中的社会史学性质。In the eyes of Sima Qian,the object of historiography lies in exploring the interrelations between man and nature and the inherent law of dynastic boom and bust,and it is incumbent upon historiographers to forge academic works of an independent thought. Historiography belongs to political knowledge whose function lies in political enlightenment,indoctrination and reference. History covers human activities,especially the activities of those outstanding people. However,human beings can not completely dominate the course of history but must abide by the laws of history and adjust their activities to the general trend of the times as well as to other economic,intellectual and conventional factors. Otherwise,they will be punished by history,getting themselves submerged in the mighty torrents of history. History can be known either by examining the literature,carrying out field research,or studying oral inheritances. The sole criterion for adjudicating the correctness of historical understanding lies in historical facts and historical literature. Taking justice and humanity as the core values,Sima Qian methodologically focuses on historical analogy,civilization paradigm,and theoretical analysis. In the compilation of the historical materials,Sima Qian follows the route of upholding patriarchal politics,benevolence and wisdom. The greatness of historians is manifested in their acute sense of the underlying laws of historic vicissitudes that can serve to guide human beings＇ historical activities especially political ones. On the whole,Sima Qian adopted a new method in sorting out the historical data and a new approach to writing Records of the Grand Historian,which not only attempts to discover the patterns and principles of the development of human history but also emphasizes the role of individuals in affecting the historical development of China. Thus his work is characteristic of certain socio- historiographical traits.

关 键 词：司马迁 史学思想 《史记》 官方史学 社会史学 

分 类 号：K03[历史地理—历史学]