作为普遍哲学的伦理学——论斯宾诺莎伦理学概念的内涵及其多重维度  

Ethics as Philosphy in General:On the Connotations and Dimensions of Ethics in Spinoza

作　　者：吴树博[1] 

机构地区：[1]同济大学人文学院,上海200092

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2015年第3期99-109,共11页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金："2014年同济大学人文社科青年基金项目"(项目批准号:0300219071)的研究成果

摘　　要：斯宾诺莎把他最成熟的作品称为《伦理学》,但此书不仅包含他的伦理学思想,同时也包含形而上学、物理学、心理学等多方面的思想。然而以往人们很少关注伦理学与后面这些学科(甚至是他的总体哲学)之间的关系,也很少从"形式的"方面研究他的伦理学概念的内涵。换言之,人们很少对他的伦理学概念的内在规定性和独特之处进行单独的考察,而这些方面正是本文的核心论题。我们认为,斯宾诺莎的最终目标是要构建出一种普遍伦理学。对他而言,只有伦理学才是第一哲学,其他各门学科都要为伦理学服务。斯宾诺莎认为,形而上学和物理学乃是伦理学的基础,但是它们的奠基作用只有在伦理学的视域下才能切实展开。虽然在《伦理学》中形而上学和物理学最先得到探讨,但是这两门学科的诸多问题(如反目的论、反自由意志等)和既定的方法(如几何学方法、物理学方法)却负载着强烈的伦理意义与色彩,因此,只有参照斯宾诺莎的伦理学,我们才能深入理解他的形而上学和物理学,并在这种理解的基础上更为全面深入地揭示他的伦理学的宽广的理论维度;而就其研究内容而言,斯宾诺莎的伦理学乃是对人的行为与生活方式的研究——其中既包括个体的层面也包括人际关系的层面——甚至包括对国家之基础的探究,所以实已突破传统伦理学的阈限,他把以往归诸于神学、政治学等方面的论题纳入到伦理学的探讨范围之内。而这同时也说明,斯宾诺莎把伦理学推进到了普遍哲学的层面,他的伦理学就是他的哲学本身。Spinoza calls his most mature work Ethics, while this book includes not only his thoughts about ethics, but also those about his metaphysics, physics, psychology, etc. However, in the past it has been scarcely noted the relations between ethics and other sciences （in particular his philosophy in the whole）. And meanwhile the scholars scarcely from the perspective of form to investigate the meaning that Spinoza affords to the concept of ethics, that is to say we rarely discuss the internal determination and particularity of his ethics independently. Yet these are precisely the central topics of this paper. In our opinion, the ultimate goal of Spinoza is to construct a universal ethics. For him, only ethics is the first philosophy, and other sciences have to serve it. Spinoza insists that a large part of the ethics must be based on metaphysics and physics, but their roles of foundation necessarily unfold in the horizon of ethics. In other words, although metaphysics and physics have firstly been discussed in Ethics, many of their subjects （such as anti-teleology, the refutation of the free will, etc. ） and their given methods （ such as the geometrical order and the physical method） are endowed with strongly ethical significance. Therefore, only by reference to his ethics can we deeply understand Spinoza＇s metaphysics and physics, and only by this can we fully grasp the broad amplitude of his ethics; as far as the contents are concerned, Spinoza＇s ethics is the research about the human conducts and their manners of living--expressed on the levels both of individual and of interpersonal relations--and even including the study of the foundations of the state. Therefore Spinoza had actually broken through the traditional bounds of ethics and incorporated into it many issues that were investigated in theology, politics, etc. This fact also shows that Spinoza has pushed the ethics toward the dimension of philosophy in general, and his ethics is just his philosophy itself.

关 键 词：伦理学 形而上学 行为物理学 普遍伦理学 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]