中国科层组织如何完成任务:一个研究述评  

How Does Chinese Bureaucracy Complete Tasks: A Research Review

作　　者：赖诗攀[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中山大学政治与公共事务管理学院,广州510275 [2]华侨大学公共管理学院,福建泉州362021

出　　处：《甘肃行政学院学报》2015年第2期15-30,125,共16页Journal of Gansu Administration Institute

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目"公共危机管理中地方政府行为取向的动力机制研究"(11CGL094)

摘　　要：中国科层组织如何完成任务?文献回顾表明,一般意义上的中国科层组织任务过程包括常规和非常规两种模式。在压力型体制背景下,中央政府通过整体打包、区别性激励的方式将任务发包给地方,并通过量化指标和物化考核把任务压力层层传递,由此形成同时完成多项任务的常规模式。当常规多任务模式失败时,打破传统科层结构的运动式治理或项目制等非常规任务模式就会被启动以完成特殊任务。在具体任务过程中,中央政府根据任务属性的不同,对不重要且绩效不易测量、重要且绩效易于测量、重要但绩效不易测量的任务分别提供弱激励、正向强激励、负向强激励,并塑造力度由弱到强的任务执行过程。强激励在强化重要任务执行力度的同时常造成地方政府选择性执行的后果。现有研究对中国科层组织任务过程的描绘也存在明显的不足:一般任务过程的讨论过于聚焦执行环节,常规和非常规任务模式及其选择的研究有待进一步深化,具体任务的动机和过程机制研究各有偏重,组织任务间关系尚未成为直接的研究主题。由于理论对话和理论建构意识的不足,目前仍缺少具有分析力度的中国科层组织任务过程理论。How does Chinese bureaucracy complete tasks? The literature review shows that general task process of government can be divided into conventional and unconventional modes. Under the background of pressurized system, central government subcontracts all tasks to local governments and provides incentives for different tasks, and the pressure of completing tasks transfers layer by layer through quantitative indicators and physicochemical examinations. This constitutes conventional mode of completing multitasks in parallel. When the conventional mode failed, the unconventional mode such as project system or mobilized governance will be started to accomplish the particular task. In the specific process of completing task, the central government provides weak incentives for unimportant and unmeasurable tasks, high-power positive incentive for important and measurable tasks, high-power negative incentive for important and unmeasurable tasks. Then, the incentive designs shapes the corresponding task execution processes. While strengthening the execution intensity of important tasks, high-power incentive also result in selective implementation. However, the deficiencies of existing research are also obvious: Too much focus have been placed on implementation link of the general task process, the conventional and unconventional task mode and the choice of them call for further research,the study of the process of completing special task each have lay particular stress on incentive or process, relationship of organizational tasks have not become research topic directly. Because of the shortage of consciousness of theoretical dialogue and theoretical construction, analytical theories of the Chinese bureaucratic task process is still hardly enough.

关 键 词：中国科层组织 组织任务过程 压力型体制 运动式治理 项目制 激励机制 

分 类 号：D035[政治法律—政治学]