无意识思维:理论、质疑与回应  

The Unconscious Thought: Theory, Queries and Responses

作　　者：李建升[1] 王丹[1] 沈模卫[2] 

机构地区：[1]西北师范大学心理学院,兰州730070 [2]浙江大学心理与行为科学系,杭州310000

出　　处：《心理科学》2016年第2期318-323,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：甘肃省社科规划项目(YB027);甘肃省青年科技基金计划(1506RJYA120);甘肃省高等学校科研项目(2015A-004);西北师范大学青年教师科研能力提升计划(NWNU-LKQN-11-34);西北师范大学心理学院开放课题基金(201502001)的资助

摘　　要：Dijksterhuis等人发现在解决复杂问题时,无意识思维的加工结果优于有意识思维,并据此提出了无意识思维理论。本文介绍了支持无意识思维理论的基本实验证据,质疑无意识思维的相关研究及对质疑的回应研究。未来研究应重点关注改进无意识思维研究范式和寻找更多影响无意识思维效应的中介变量,无意识思维加工结果如何上升到有意识层面,无意识思维的加工方式以及其在真实和高风险任务情境中的应用。It is traditionally considered that humans＇ mental processes and thinking processes belong to certain conscious categories. When confrontedwith a complex decision, people are accustomed to solving problems with deliberation. Nevertheless, a growing number of research studies havesuggested the opposite it is quite likely that applying unconscious thoughts leads to a better decision than applying conscious thoughts, breakingthe traditional opinion ＂where there is conscious thought, there is a good result＂. Unconscious thoughts refer to the object-relevant or task-relevantcognitive or affective thought processes that occur when conscious attention is directed elsewhere. Then the Unconscious Thought Theory was putforward on this basis. The Unconscious Thought Theory suggests that unconscious thought and conscious thought have different characteristics, andthese different characteristics make each mode preferable under different circumstances. Specifically, there are six different processing characteristicsbetween them, including capacity, weighting, rules, bottom-up versus top-down and convergence versus divergence process and so on. Subsequently,it was detected that unconscious thought was preferable to conscious thought in decision-making tasks, but also in attitude formation and change,creatively solving problems, moral judgment, prediction of football competition and discovery of complex rules and so on. However, a few researchershave failed to replicate the beneficial effect of unconscious thought, and provided alternative explanations. Some opponents admitted the existenceof unconscious thought, but they thought the main reason for the unconscious thought effects was that conscious thought was limited in the previousstudies. They did not support the view that unconscious thought was better at solving complex problems than conscious thought. Moreover, someresearchers completely denied that there was unconscious thought. They pointed out that unconscious thought actually belonged to a kind of consciousthoug

关 键 词：无意识思维 有意识思维 决策 创造性 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]