罪恶与清官:说唱词话中的包公  

The Nature of Crime and the Role of the Judge:Judge Bao in Ballad-Stories

作　　者：伊维德[1] 吴冠文[2] 

机构地区：[1]哈佛大学 [2]复旦大学古籍整理研究所

出　　处：《文艺理论研究》2016年第2期107-117,共11页Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

摘　　要：源自宋人包拯的包公这一文学角色,在1250至1450年间曾出现于各体通俗文学作品中。二十世纪以来,有关包公的话本、杂剧和戏文广为人知,屡经探讨。而关于包公的词话直到1967年始在嘉定附近发现,这些词话影印出版之初曾引起过相当的轰动,很多出版物应运而生,但初始的热情消退后,新发现的词话对之后包公故事发展演变的论述影响甚微。词话未受到充分关注虽部分缘于其数量较少,但其根本原因还是在于学界将它们作为较话本、杂剧晚出而缺乏独创性的作品。但有证据显示,现存的话本和杂剧作品常常是晚出的改定本,而词话则相对较早且无明显改订痕迹,我们至少应该将词话视作话本、杂剧同期之作,而非晚于它们。在不少情况下,词话很可能系杂剧之源,而非相反。与通过明代宦官机构钟鼓司传留下来的不温不火的杂剧文本相比,相当一部分词话大胆批判了一个权势和罪恶相伴的世界,它们非常关心包公审判的权力和自主性等问题,而没有一味地赞颂皇帝的统治效力。The character of Judge Bao,which derives from the historical Bao Zheng（999-1062）,starts to make his appearance in the various genres of vernacular literature in the period 1250- 1450.While vernacular stories（huaben） and plays（zaju and xiwen） on Judge Bao have been widely known throughout the twentieth century and have been analyzed repeatedly,the balladstories（cihua） on Judge Bao were only discovered nearby in Jiading,Zhejiang in 1967.While the initial publication of the facsimile edition of the ballad-stories created quite a stir and resulted in a number of publications,this initial enthusiasm soon ebbed away and the new materials had little impact on the presentation of the development of the legend of Judge Bao.While this may have been due to the relative rarity of the ballad-stories even after the publication of the facsimile edition,this was also due to the conventional view which considered ballad-stories as products of the Ming and so as later and derivative.But this is mostly likely a mistake.As some scholars have stressed,whereas the surviving works of vernacular stories and plays tend to be preserved in late and revised editions,the ballad-stories have been preserved in relatively early editions and show no clear signs of revision.Rather than treating the ballad-stories as later than huaben and zaju they should at least be treated as contemporaneous.As has been pointed out before,in many cases the ballad stories may well have served as sources of zaju rather than the other way around.In contrast to the tepid zaju texts that have come down to us by way of the Office for Bell and Drum（Zhonggusi）,many ballad-stories show high officials abusing their power and committing murder at will and an emperor who is willing to bend the law in order to protect his relatives.They show a world in which power and crime go hand in hand and thereby judicial authority and independence becomes an urgent issue.

关 键 词：包公 词话 罪恶 清官 杂剧 

分 类 号：I207.39[文学—中国文学]