盲人建构陌生环境空间表征的策略及其作用  

The process of construction of spatial representation in the unfamiliar environment in the blind: The role of strategies and its effect

作　　者：谌小猛[1] 刘春玲[2] 乔福强[3] 戚克敏[4] 

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学特殊教育学院,广州510631 [2]华东师范大学教育学部,上海200063 [3]济南大学教育与心理科学学院,济南250022 [4]天津体育学院健康与运动科学系,天津300381

出　　处：《心理学报》2016年第6期637-647,共11页Acta Psychologica Sinica

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(15YJC880010);广东省教育科研重大项目(2014JK2010);广东省高水平大学重点建设学科群"面向教育现代化重大需求的教育学科建设"项目资助

摘　　要：空间表征对于盲人定向行走具有重要意义。以往研究者集中探讨早期视觉经验缺失对于盲人空间表征的影响,较少探究空间表征建构的过程性因素,即探路策略对于盲人空间表征的影响。本研究采用现场实验的方法探究了盲人建构陌生环境空间表征采用的策略及其作用。结果发现:视觉经验缺失对盲人陌生环境空间表征能力造成了不利影响,然而,被试运用有效的策略可以弥补视觉缺失带来的损失,且利用空间关系策略的个体所建构的空间表征更为精确,定向行走效率也更高。Spatial representation is the spatial images of object location and spatial relationships in the mind. Since the work of Tolman, numerous cognitive psychology studies have been conducted to examine the formation of spatial representation and underlying mechanisms in people having visual experiences. In relation to those have visual experiences, blind people may rely more upon precisely constructed spatial representation, which can help them with orientation and navigation in the absence of their vision. However, previous studies on spatial representation of blind people were mainly conducted in laboratories. It remains relatively unclear how blind people encode unfamiliar spatial stimuli and construct spatial representation in real-life situations. This study used field experiment to investigate the characteristics of blind persons＇ spatial representation in an unfamiliar environment. It focused on exploring navigation process, namely the impact of wayfinding strategy on knowledge acquisition of spatial representation. Participants were 26 congenitally totally blind persons, 29 adventitiously totally blind ones, and 25 sighted ones. All participants were voluntarily recruited from a special education school. The results showed that the spatial representation of most congenitally blind participants was characterized by a route representation in large-scale space, while most adventitiously blind and sighted participants exhibited a survey representation. Congenitally blind participants were found to use different strategies for constructing spatial representation. Through the use of a spatial relationship strategy, congenitally blind participants performed as well as adventitiously blind and sighted ones in the construction of spatial representation. The current data found no gender effect on spatial representation in an unfamiliar environment. In parallel with findings from neurobiological studies, this study demonstrated that lack of visual experiences adversely influenced the ability of blind people＇s spatia

关 键 词：空间表征 先天盲 后天盲 探路策略 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学] B844[哲学宗教—心理学]