清季法家的“国族”转向及其内在困境——基于科场士子与留日学生话语认知的比较考察  

The Legalist Thought in the Making of a Nation-State in the Late Qing Dynasty and Its Inner Dilemma: A Comparative Study on the Discursive Cognition between Civil-Examination Candidates and Chinese Overseas Students in Japan

作　　者：贾琳[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《南京大学学报（哲学．人文科学．社会科学）》2016年第5期99-109,159,共11页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目"先秦诸子的历史观研究"(14JJD770028)

摘　　要：法家思想近代转向很重要的一个维度即作为一种再生资源参与到近代民族国家的建构之中。就最能体现国家意志的科场来看,在国家级别的会试命题中出现"国民教育"话语并被赋予尚武定义,便有清廷借以抵御外侮、推动近代意义上的国家建构与进化的成分;而士子在答题认知中一方面表现出对中国法家治术和与之对等的俾斯麦等西方威权政治家的青睐与忻慕,另一方面则表现出对于"国"字认知的含混。留日学生则通过"国民"等话语建构,将清廷基于国家与改革的国民话语体系,重塑为基于种族与革命的国民话语体系。清廷以国民类话语命题,原本企图将"国家"观念植入士子这一知识群体并宣示于外,以与种族赋义争夺舆论阵地,但却在一定程度上强化了海内外知识阶层对于"国族"的认知分歧。最终革命话语还是盖过改革话语,成为清廷失去民意进而失去政权合法性的关键因素之一。As a renewable traditional resource,the Legalist thought played an important role in the making of a modern nation-state. Appearing in the civil examination that absolutely embodied national will,the question of 'national education'was given a definition with martialism to resist foreign aggression,and promote construction of a modern nation-state by the imperial government. The answers given by the candidates showed high admiration both for Chinese Legalism and for Bismarck and other Western authoritarian politicians as equivalents,and showed the ambiguous cognition of the word 'state'. Meanwhile,Chinese overseas students in Japan reconstructed such discourses as 'nationals',and replaced the discourse system of the government based on the state and reform with that of the dissidents based on the race and revolution. The government intended to implant the concept of 'state'into the candidates and declared openly to compete for the highland of public opinion with the dissidents through propositions of national discourse in the Examination,only to find that this practice enlarged the cognitive gaps between intellectuals at home and abroad in the issue of 'nation-state'. Eventually,the revolutionary discourse overwhelmed the reform discourse to became one of the critical factors that made the government lose the public opinion and,further,the regime's legitimacy.

关 键 词：法家 国族转向 科场士子 留日学生 话语认知 

分 类 号：B25[哲学宗教—中国哲学]