战争作为权力关系的分析器——福柯的生命权力思想探究  

War as Analyser of Power Relations——Exploring Michel Foucault's Thought of Bio-Power

作　　者：莫伟民[1] MO Wei-min(School of Philosophy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Chin)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2016年第5期130-140,共11页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：作者承担的国家社科基金重点项目"19世纪法国哲学研究"(项目批准号:14AZX012);教育部重点研究基地重大项目"政治理性批判:马克思与当代法国哲学"(项目批准号:10JJD710004)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：不同于以往法律主义、经济主义和压抑假说等本质主义权力观,福柯提出了注重对力量关系的具体实施进行历史分析的非本质主义的生命权力观。通过梳理从中世纪以来西方权力机制演变的历史,福柯发现了君权的夺命、惩戒的肉罚、调节的养生是西方社会权力实施的三大主要形式。而这三种权力的运行模式又可分为两大类:针对臣民的君权运作采取法律模式,而针对个体肉体的惩戒权力和针对整体人口的调节权力则采用战争模式。福柯在分析中世纪之后的权力关系时,抛弃了以往的法律—政治图式,而采用战争—征服图式,福柯颂扬并叙述了以新历史学家布兰维里耶(Boulainvilliers)为代表的"政治历史主义"(l'historicismepolitique)话语。生命权力必定走向死亡权力,生命权力以"必须确保人们的生命"为幌子煽动人们相互残杀,必然使得战争种族主义在现代国家中作为根本的生命权力机制发挥作用。通过挖掘20世纪两大反常权力形式在欧洲历史上的根源,福柯主张个体自由是社会各个层面的权力得以运作的必要条件,从而重塑了个体与权力之间的全新关系。我们不能因福柯强调权力关系的普泛化而把他视为危险的无政府主义者。普遍知识分子的时代已一去不复返,虽然哲学不再预言、立法甚至教化,但哲学面对权力还是应该大有作为的。Different from the previous essentialist view of power,Foucault introduces the non-essentialist view of biopower emphasizing the historical analysis of the exercise of power relations. By outlining the evolution history of Western power mechanism since the Middle Ages,Foucault found the three main forms of power exercise in Western society： sovereignty＇s killing,disciplinary power＇s body punishment,and regulating power＇s regimen. These three kinds of power＇s exercise mode can be divided into two categories： sovereignty＇s power on his subjects adopts legal mode,while disciplinary power on individual body and regulating power on population as a whole take-war mode. In analyzing the power relations after the Medieval ages,Foucault abandons the previous legal-political schema,and used the war-conquering schema. He wished to celebrate and narrate the discourse of ＂political historicism＂represented by the new historian Boulainvilliers. The bio-power moves certainly to the thanato-power. The bio-power incites people to kill each other in the name of ＂must guarantee people＇s lives＂and necessary makes the racism of war playing a role in the modern state as a fundamental mechanism of bio-power. How should we face the power？ Bymining the root of biopower mechanism of two anomalous forms of power in the twentieth Century in the history of Europe,Foucault advocated that the individual freedom is a necessary condition for the power exercise in various levels of society,and thus reshaping the new relationship between the individual and the power. We cannot regard Foucault as a dangerous anarchist for his focusing on the generalization of power relations. The era of universal intellectuals is gone forever.Although philosophy no longer prophesies,legislates or civilizes,in the face of power,philosophy should do big things.

关 键 词：生命权力 战争权力关系 福柯 克劳塞维茨 霍布斯 阿甘本 

分 类 号：B565.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]