从“天子僭天”到“君天同尊”——何休删削《公羊》发覆  

From “The Son of Heaven(Tianzi 天子) 's Arrogation of the Status of Heaven” to “The Coordinated Worship of the Monarch and Heaven”——Revealing He Xiu 何休's Abridgment of Gongyang zhuan 公羊传

作　　者：李若晖[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《哲学研究》2017年第2期48-55,共8页Philosophical Research

摘　　要：今本《公羊传》昭公二十五年子家驹有"诸侯僭于天子,大夫僭于诸侯,久矣"一句,《周礼·考工记·画缋》郑玄注引,则多了"天子僭天"一语,此当为何休注《公羊传》时所删。何休删削"天子僭天"一语,盖欲与《左传》"崇君父"争胜,并得以构造"君天同尊"之新经义。追踪《公羊》"天子僭天"之旧经义,是以天子为天所囚禁,不得僭越于天。"天子"为爵之一位,有职有责,倘若天子背弃职责,以位足欲,役天下以奉天子,即是"天子僭天"。汉儒明确将诸侯贪、大夫鄙、庶人盗窃之乱象归因于天子僭天,故"孔子成《春秋》而乱臣贼子惧"之本义,当为"子帅以正,孰敢不正"。然自武帝尊崇《公羊》时起,经师已讳言此义,至何休删削,遂致斯义湮灭。后得清儒之力,"天子僭天"一义方重见天日。There were two significant systems in the studies of the classics during the Eastern Han dynasty. One of them,constructed by He Xiu,aimed at 'the coordinated worship of the monarch and Heaven'and was based on his abridgment of Gongyang zhuan,while another constructed by Zheng Xuan 郑 玄 aimed at 'the unification of rites and law,'taking the Zhouli 周礼 as its core. In contrast with the ample attention paid to Zheng Xuan's system,He Xiu's abridgment of Gongyang zhuan has gone little noticed. This article is an attempt to remedy this fact. Zheng Xuan's commentary on Huahui 画缋,an article in the Kaogong ji 考工记as a section of the Zhouli,features the words 'the Son of Heaven's arrogation of the status of Heaven,'but they were abridged by He Xiu when he made his commentary on Gongyang zhuan. This intentional abridgment enabled Gongyang zhuan to compete with the Zuo zhuan 左传's idea of 'monarch-father worship,'thus constructing a new interpretation of the classics that aimed at 'the coordinated worship of the monarch and Heaven. 'Based on this,we can trace the original meaning of the words 'the Son of Heaven's arrogation of the status of Heaven'in Gongyang zhuan,which indicated that the son of Heaven was under constraint by Heaven and that no arrogation was acknowledged. Consequently,the original meaning of Sima Qian 司马迁's statement that '[t]he rebellious ministers and traitors were frightened because Confucius has completed the Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋'is the same as that of Confucius' s statement that '[i]f you lead on the people with correctness,who will dare not to be correct?'However,the interpreters of classics avoided this meaning as a taboo after Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty officially honored Gongyang zhuan. The work ultimately vanished due to He Xiu 's brazen abridgment and was not brought to light again until the Qing dynasty,thanks to the hard work of Confucian scholars of the time.

关 键 词：《公羊传》 天子僭天 何休 君天同尊 

分 类 号：B234[哲学宗教—中国哲学]