斯宾塞“社会有机体”论与清季国家主义--以章太炎、严复为中心  

Herbert Spence's Theory of “Social Organism” and Nationalism in Late Qing: A Study Focusing on Zhang Taiyan and Yan Fu

作　　者：傅正[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《近代史研究》2017年第2期34-51,共18页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：斯宾塞的"社会有机体"学说对清季民族主义思潮的影响毋庸置疑。可问题是,此一鼓吹个人主义的学说何以会成为合群保种的思潮?对此,史华兹、冯客等学者都看到,斯宾塞的社会有机体学说与他鼓吹的个人主义有矛盾,正是前者成为中国近代民族主义的理论资源。然而,这一解释仍有未尽之处。从章太炎、严复的论述中能够看到何以斯宾塞的社会有机体学说在中国会成为国家竞争的学说,及彼时中国人自由观与斯宾塞自由观之差异所在。应当说,斯宾塞的个人自由与国家权力是对立的,而在中国,二者则具有同一性,这也决定了斯宾塞学说在中国的命运。Hebert Spence's theory of'social organism'undoubtedly had a great impact to the nationalist thoughts in the late Qing period,but the question is why Spence's theory advocating individualism fueled the intellectual trend of collectivism and nationalism in modern China.Scholars such as Benjamin Schwartz and Frank Dik9tter have noticed the conflict between Spence's individualism and his theory of'social organism,'which was the theoretical resource of modern Chinese nationalism.Based on the writings of Zhang Taiyan and Yan Fu,this article investigates how Spence's theory of'social organism'became a theory for international competition in China and compare the Chinese people's understanding of'liberty'at that time with Spence's own understanding.For Spence,individual liberty conflicts with the state power;while in China,they are the two sides of the same coin.This difference leads to the destiny of the Spence's theory in modern China.

关 键 词：斯宾塞 社会有机体 进化论 合群保种 章太炎 严复 

分 类 号：B25[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B561.45