迁徙鸟类如何发现其迁移路线?  

How do migrating birds find their way?

作　　者：熊鹰[1,2] 蔡天龙 雷富民[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院动物研究所,北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《科学通报》2017年第12期1204-1213,共10页Chinese Science Bulletin

摘　　要：迁徙鸟类的导航是一个相当复杂的过程,涉及鸟类对环境的感受、神经生理反应、自由基对的化学反应等多种机制.鸟类之所以能准确地找到其迁徙路线,外界信号感受与神经处理机制的共同作用至关重要.外界信号感受是迁徙鸟类对信号因子(偏振光、气味、次声波、地磁场等)的识别过程.可能存在的信号感受有视觉感受、嗅觉感受、听觉感受、地磁感受.神经机制是迁徙鸟类感受到外界信号后,传递信息到大脑特定区域,进行整合分析,对迁徙方向做出准确判断的过程.已发现的神经机制有视觉神经机制、嗅觉神经机制、磁感受神经机制.尽管在外界信号感受与神经机制方面还有许多未解决的难题,新技术与模式动物的应用将有助于进一步揭示确切的机制.Bird is one of the most abundant and widespread groups in the world. With many specialized structures, such as plumage, air sacs, and hollow bones, most bird species have got flight ability to adapt various niches. Therefore, bird can migrate between wintering and breeding ground, which is usually a long distance, and it＇s called migration. Bird navigation is important in migration and is a complex process, which attracts many scientists to dig in how bird finds its way. Since 1873, Charles Darwin has ever mentioned that bird might take the method of dead reckoning on a long-distance migration like human, but at that time no one made further progress. Until 1950s, Kramer firstly found that Common Starling （Sturnus vulgaris） can respond to solar azimuth via mirror test. From then on, many experiments revealed that at least four navigation mechanisms are used in bird migration via more than nine external factors. They are： （i） celestial navigation, celestial clues （e.g. solar azimuth, star position, and polarized light） are used during migration period. （ii） Olfactory navigation, odor distributing in the air forms odorous gradient map or mosaic map which can be detected, or can activate directly certain mechanism to navigate. （iii） Auditory navigation, infrasound （0.05 Hz） produced by mountains and rivers generate sonic gradient map. And （iv） magnetic navigation, geomagnetic field can be detected via magnetic materials or chemical magnetoreception to find correct directions. Although many scientists approve that magnetic navigation may be the main mechanism to orientate and navigate, bird has never taken just one mechanism to migrate. Indeed, many species also use the other three mechanisms to calibrate direction, for example, Savannah Sparrow （Passerculus sandwichensis） can use polarized light to calibrate the magnetic compass at both sunrise and sunset. Different external clues correspond to different sense organs, so various brain areas should deal with information from differ

关 键 词：迁徙鸟类 导航 嗅觉 听觉导航 地磁导航 神经机制 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]