从“技能”到“球商”:我国青少年足球核心训练范式转变研究  

From “Skill” to “Football Intelligence”:The Transformation of Core Paradigm of Juvenile Football Training

作　　者：李强[1,2] 韩玉[3] 孙敬[1] 李庆波[1] 

机构地区：[1]天津体育学院体育教育训练二系,天津300381 [2]河南大学博士后流动站,河南开封475000 [3]天津职业大学体育部,天津300402

出　　处：《天津体育学院学报》2017年第1期31-38,共8页Journal of Tianjin University of Sport

基　　金：天津市哲学社会科学规划项目(项目编号:TJTY16-012);天津市131创新型人才专项资金计划;天津体育学院校级创新团队专项基金(项目编号:2015-05)

摘　　要：青少年足球训练是发展校园足球的重要组成部分,是提高足球运动竞技水平的重要影响因素。旨在推动我国青少年足球训练范式由"技能"为核心向"球商"为核心转变。界定了足球技能和"球商"的内涵,论证了它们之间的关系。开放式足球技能是"球商"的外在表现形式,"球商"是开放式足球技能的内隐性调控中枢。以往我国青少年足球训练注重闭锁式足球技能和开放式显性足球技能的训练,忽略了隐性"球商"训练。足球比赛的复杂性和混沌状态必然引发青少年足球训练范式由"技能"为核心转变为"球商"为核心,训练范式转变包括训练操作模式、训练情景和反馈方式等的转变。"球商"是由感知、决策、应答和反馈组成的闭环式调控系统,它们之间协调运行而充分发挥"球商"的作用。决策阶段是"球商"训练的核心。"球商"训练的操作过程包括创设同态系统和启发式训练模式。同态系统既可以简化模仿真实足球比赛,又能反复强化同态系统训练要素。启发式训练模式包括定向探究和自主探究,青少年足球运动员的"球商"训练是一个由定向探究向自主探究转移的过程,教练员引导下进行的定向探究是青少年足球运动员"球商"启发式训练的主要操作模式。Juvenile football training is an important part of campus football, and one of the important influencing factors improving football competitive level.The purpose of this study was to promote Chinese youth football training paradigm from ＂skill＂ as the core to＂football intelligence＂as the core. The connotationof soccer football skills and＂football intelligence＂are defined, and the relationship between them are demonstrated. Opened football skill is the external form of＂football intelligence＂. ＂Football intelligence＂ is the internal regulation central of football skill. Our country juvenile football training lay emphasis on closedfootball skills and the external form of opened football skill. The recessive training of ＂football intelligence＂ is neglected. The complexity and chaotic state ofthe football game will inevitably lead to juvenile football training paradigm from ＂skill＂as the core to ＂football intelligence＂ as the core. Training paradigmshift including training operation mode, training situation and the way of feedback.＂Football intelligence＂ is made up of perception, decision-making, responseand feedback closed loop control system. Decision-making is the core of cultivating＂football intelligence＂. ＂Football intelligence＂ training operation processincludes creating homomorphic system and heuristic training mode. Homomorphic system can not only simplify and imitate real football game but also improvetraining elements of homomorphic system continually. The repeatability of＂football intelligence＂training can be improved. Heuristic training modes include di-rectional exploration and independent study.＂Football intelligence＂ of juvenile football player training is the transition from the directional exploration inquiryto the independent inquiry. The directional exploration is the major ＂football intelligence＂ of juvenile football player training operation process under the guid-ance of the coaches.

关 键 词：技能 球商 青少年 足球训练 核心范式 

分 类 号：G843[文化科学—体育训练]