在场的他者——马克思与怀特海的他者之维  

The Others Being Present:The Dimensions of the Others of Marx and Whitehead

作　　者：张秀华[1] ZHANG Xiu-hua(School of Marxism, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学马克思主义学院,北京100088

出　　处：《上海交通大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2017年第4期45-53,共9页Journal of Shanghai Jiao tong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：北京市哲学社会科学规划项目"马克思与怀特海的哲学比较研究"(13ZXB001);北京高校中国特色社会主义理论研究协调创新中心(中国政法大学)阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：马克思与怀特海在有机论、整体论和过程论的立场下,批判传统形而上学及其二元论思维方式,诉诸主体间性的主体性原则,无论是其存在论、认识论还是价值论都开显了他者之维,让他者始终在场,并体现在他们的伦理观上。只不过马克思基于历史唯物主义解释原则,考察"现实的人"之实践,共时与历时地阐释一切"属我关系":从对象性存在物、社会存在物、社会关系和生产方式的人之解读,到感觉官能、意识能力的历史性生成,再到自我价值的他者确证等,彰显了制度伦理与对他者的关注。怀特海则基于泛主体论、泛经验论的解释原则,在其过程-关系的机体哲学下,立足经验主体的"现实实有"或"现实事态"的"合生",把价值主体、伦理主体拓展到非人类社会;这些经验主体能够自我感受或摄入、自我创造性生成和实现,因其摄入的"二级性"不仅有"从下至上"而且有"从上到下"的因果效验关系。这样,万事万物既有基于生存的独特价值,又成就了依赖他者的宇宙整体,为环境伦理学奠基。Marx and Whitehead criticized the traditional metaphysics and its dualist mode of thinking in the organism, holism and theory of process. Both of them appealed to the principle of subjectivity of inter-subjectivity, and let the others be present in their ontology, epistemology or axiology, which are embodied in their views of ethic. According to the principle of interpretation of historical materialism, Marx studied the practice of real human beings and analyzed all relationships for self-human being synchronically and diachronieally： from understanding human beings in the beings of objectivity, social beings, social relations and the way of producing, to the becoming of historicity of sense and consciousness, and to the confirmation of the others of self-value, which expressed thoughts of institutional ethic and the others. Whitehead expanded the subjects of value and ethics from human society to the non-mankind based on the concrescence of actual entities or occasions of empirical subjects in the principles of interpretation of pan-subjectivism and pan- empiricism, from process-relationship philosophy of organism. The empirical subjects with the dipolarity of feelings or prehensions can engage in self-becoming and self-actualization of creativity, and possess the relationships of causal efficacy from a bottom-up, and a top-down relationship, so that all things have their own existent unique value, and constitute the whole universe depending on the others. Therefore, Whitehead laid the theoretical foundation of environmental ethics.

关 键 词：马克思 怀特海 他者 主体间性 存在论 认识论 价值论 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] B561.52