基于学习结果的美国通识教育评价  

General Education Assessment Based on the Learning Outcomes in United States

作　　者：马星[1] 国兆亮[2] 

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学公共管理学院,北京100191 [2]北京开放大学社会教育学院,北京100081

出　　处：《高教发展与评估》2017年第6期35-42,共8页Higher Education Development and Evaluation

基　　金：全国教育科学规划十二五规划2015年教育部重点课题"高等教育质量标准国际比较研究(DDA150210)";北京航空航天大学基本科研业务费-博士研究生创新基金项目(2015055)

摘　　要：通识教育一直是美国高等教育关注的重要内容,"为生活和个人的发展做准备"已成为美国高校对人才培养的共识。从美国通识教育评价内容来看,通常需要各个高校根据自身办学特色与人才培养目标进行总结分析,制定出适合于学校学生发展的通识教育目标,从而制定出特色化的通识教育评价内容。由于"评估运动"引发了人们从学生学习结果的角度思考高等教育质量问题:通过使用标准化测试来评价学生通识教育结果的方法具有悠久历史,标准化测试实现了对不同地区和学校学生的通识教育质量进行比较的可能,评价结果可以作为说明高校教育质量问责的有力证据。另一方面,课程嵌入式的通识教育评价方法得到越来越多的关注。源于评价结果不仅可以体现学生的学习成果情况,而且可以作为教学改革的重要依据。标准化测试与课堂嵌入式评价的配合使用,共同有效地保障了美国通识教育质量。General education always shares an important position in American higher education. " Prepare for Future Life and Development" is a common sense of universities in the US.Assessment activities on General education began from the late 1920s to the early 1930s,but results of the assessment didn't become a tool for quality improvement and accountability until 1980s.According to American experiences,different contents of assessment on general education rest with various understandings of general education and its goal,which should be related with the characteristics of a university. " Assessment Movement" has made "students learning outcomes" a new thinking angle of higher education quality issues.As the "learning outcomes assessment" was rising in the US and the world,American general education assessment has also been continuously exploring new and more effective methods.It has been a long history of assessing general education through standardized tests.Standardized testing could be an efficient way for comparing qualities of general education in different regions and universities,and it can be used as powerful evidence in quality accountability of higher education.Meanwhile,course-embedded assessment is attracting more and more attention in general education assessment.It can not only show the student learning outcomes,but also be used as important evidence for teaching reform.Standardized testing and course-embedded assessment have effectively guaranteed the quality of general education in the US.

关 键 词：通识教育 学习结果评价 课程嵌入式 标准化测试 

分 类 号：G642[文化科学—高等教育学]