公众理解科学:模型变革与范式改进  

Public Understanding of Science:Changes in the Model and Improvement of the Paradigm

作　　者：刘翠霞[1] LIU Cui-xia

机构地区：[1]南通大学管理学院

出　　处：《南京师大学报（社会科学版）》2017年第6期47-58,共12页Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"公众与境下科学公信力的危机与重塑问题研究"(13CSH002)的阶段性成果;江苏省高校优秀中青年教师和校长境外研修计划资助

摘　　要："公众理解科学"(简称PUS),是理解现代社会科学与公众关系的第一个重要范式。它以公众"知识的缺失"为前提预设,强调科学家填补"认知鸿沟"以提升公众科学素养的必要性,因而也被称之为"缺失模型"。但建立在缺失预设基础上的PUS,连同其先见命题"无知导致猜忌与落后"以及基本推论"科学家自上而下传递知识即可改变公众无知状态",在逻辑推理与实践应用中都遭到了否证。在面对缺失模型本身缺失困境时,诸多学者从内部和外部提出了各种修复策略:或者反转PUS,强调科学家自我反思理解公众的重要性;或者主张打破认知的不对称性,实现科学与公众的平等对话;或者提倡公众参与科技决策与项目研究,构筑新的"公民科学"的知识生产格局。应该说,这些反思、对话、参与策略模型与缺失模型之间既有断裂也有关联,因而可以把它们统一纳入到PUS中的"理解"范畴视域下加以把握"理解"与缺失、反思、对话、参与之间的复杂联系,并借由对诠释学"理解"观的转译衍伸以重新理解PUS的价值以及化解科学的公信力与合法化危机。Public understanding of science （ PUS ） is the first important paradigm of understanding the relationship between science and the pubhc in the modem society. It is often dubbed ＂deficit model＂ because it presupposes the public deficit of knowledge and emphasizes the necessity that scientists bridge ＂knowledge gap＂ and promote the public scientific literacy. However, the deficit presupposition, the statement ＂Ignorance leads to suspicion and backwardness＂, and the inference ＂Had scientists disseminated scientific knowledge to the public with top-down approaches, the public knowledge would have increased and been sufficient＂, have all been falsified in both logical inference and practical application. Facing the difficulties with the deficit model, many scholars propose some renovation strategies： to reverse the deficit idea and attach importance to the scientific understanding of the public; or to break epistemic asymmetry and realize the equal dialogue between scientists and the public; or to encourage the public engagement with science and build a new knowledge pattern of the citizens＇ science. Those models, i.e. Reflexivity Model, Conversation Model, and Participation Model, are associated with as well as dissociated from the deficit model. Mobilizing the ideas of ＂understanding＂ from herrneneutics, we can clarify the logical connection between understanding and deficiency, reflexivity, conversation, participation; revalue the significance of PUS; and explore the effective tactics to resolve the legitimization and the trust crises of science.

关 键 词：公众理解科学 缺失模型 反思模型 对话模型 参与模型 

分 类 号：G301[文化科学]