道家形而上学的理论特质——以“道德之意”为中心的讨论  

The Theoretical Characteristics of Daoist Metaphysics:A Discussion Centered on the "Meaning of the Dao or Way and Its Power"

作　　者：郑开[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学哲学系,教授哲学博士北京100871

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2017年第11期179-203,共25页Social Sciences in China

摘　　要：道家形而上学的核心在于"道德之意",其理论则建基于"无"、"玄"、"反"尤其是"无"的概念之上。"无"的概念及其理论包括从"无形"到"无名"、"无知"再到"无为"等不同层面的理论内容:"无形"涉及物理学(自然哲学)方面的讨论,从有无之间的张力中思考和把握"道"的特质应该是道家哲学的重要方法;"无知"、"无名"都涉及知识问题的讨论,而对"道的真理"的追寻还需要更具建设性的灵明与智慧;"无名"和"无为"既然是玄德的本质,亦奠定了伦理学和政治哲学的基础;"无为"和"无心"等概念还逸出了思想世界之外,建构起以心性论和实践智慧为出发点的精神境界理论,而从思想世界到精神境界的进路恰恰显示了道家哲学的理论进深。道家形而上学更清楚地辨明了物理学("论自然")和形而上学("论道")的区别;既近乎古希腊哲人追究"是者"的形而上学,又具有自身超绝名相、不落言诠的特点,且摆脱了物理学(自然哲学)思维的局限性。The core of Daoist metaphysics lies in the meaning of the Dao or Way and its power,in a theory based on the concepts of"non-being,""mystery"and"return,"especially"non-being."The concept and theory of"non-being"include theoretical contents at different levels ranging from"formless"to"nameless,"and from"knowledgeless"to"actionless"or"inaction."The formless involves discussion of physics(natural philosophy);pondering and grasping the nature of the Dao through the tension between being and non-being can be considered an important method in Daoist philosophy.Both the nameless and the knowledgeless involve epistemology,and the pursuit of"the truth of the Dao"demands further constructive enlightenment and wisdom.The nameless and actionless are the nature of the mystic power,which thus lays a foundation for ethics and political philosophy.Moreover,concepts such as actionless and mindless even escape from the intellectual world,developing a theory of the spiritual realm starting from mind-nature theory and practical wisdom.The path from the intellectual to the spiritual realm indicates precisely the theoretical depth of Daoist philosophy.Daoist metaphysics clarifies the difference between physics(about nature)and metaphysics(about the Dao);it is similar to the ancient Greek metaphysical exploration of"being,"but is also characterized by its transcendence of names and forms and by grasping the meaning that lies beyond words.

关 键 词：道家形而上学 道德之意 境界形而上学 

分 类 号：B223[哲学宗教—中国哲学]