中国古典教育次第:从“切磋”到“琢磨”  

The Approach to Chinese Classical Education:From “Carving” to “Polishing”

作　　者：李长伟 

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学教育学部,山东济南250014

出　　处：《山西大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2018年第1期121-129,共9页Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：全国教育科学"十二五"规划2013年度国家一般课题"实践哲学视野中的教育学演变"(BAA130010)

摘　　要：《大学》位列《四书之首》,是中国古代非常重要的教育典籍。《大学》有言:"‘如切如磋’者,道学也。‘如琢如磨’者,自修也。"在这里,《大学》运用了类比法,点出了中国古典教育次第:从"切磋"到"琢磨",从"道学"到"自修"的由表入里、由浅入深的进路。通由这一次第,"有斐君子"得以养成。进一步分析之,如同切磋需要用力,道学也需要严格;如同琢磨需要小心谨慎,自修也需要"慎其独"。而且,"学"字贯穿于整个古典教育进路,是起点也是终点。由古典的教育次第反思现时代的教育,会发现现代人抛弃了切磋琢磨教育,放弃了对学生的严格要求,教育中充满了温和但实则浅薄的气息。为了人的难以舍去的卓越,有必要重新体味《大学》之道。The Great Learning,ranking first in The Four Books,is one of the very important ancient Chinese education books. The Great Learning says： ＂Like ivory finely cut and filed; Like a gem chiselled,ground and ground again. The words ＂cut and filed＂refer to the care that one takes to improve his knowledge. The words ＂chiselled and ground＂refer to the care that one takes to make himself perfect. ＂The Great Learning＂uses the analogical method to point out the approach to Chinese classical education： from＂carving＂to＂polishing＂,from＂learning＂to＂self-culture＂,from superficies to interior and from shallow to deep. Only in this way,＂can accomplished gentlemen＂be cultivated. It could be found from further analysis： As ＂carving＂needs effort,learning also needs rigor; As ＂polishing＂needs care,self-improvement needs caution when he is alone. The word ＂learning＂runs through the whole classical education approach,which is the starting point and the key point. If we use classical education approach to reflect our modern education,we will find that people in modern time abandon the ＂carving and polishing＂education,give up the strict requirements for students,hence,education is filled with gentle but shallow atmosphere.For the virtue that is hard to quit for human,it is necessary to re-appreciate The Great Learning.

关 键 词：教育次第 切磋 琢磨 至善 

分 类 号：G40[文化科学—教育学原理]