公众意见影响法官决策的理论和实验分析  

Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of the Influence of Public Opinion on Judges' Decision-making

作　　者：陈林林[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]浙江工商大学 [2]国家司法文明协同创新中心

出　　处：《法学研究》2018年第1期18-35,共18页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：2011计划司法文明协同创新中心研究成果,得到了司法部项目“民意对裁判影响的认知科学研究”(编号：14SFB2007)的资助.本文的实验和数据分析由浙江理工大学法学院张晓笑博士协助完成,实验题材受吉林大学理论法学研究中心朱振副教授的启发,特此致谢.

摘　　要：真实世界的法官决策受三种动机激励并追求多个目标,这些相互协作与对抗的因素构成了一张激励与抑制并存的联结主义认知网络。在其中,公众意见既可以作为情境性因素直接参与决策,也可能藉由法官态度等个体性因素间接地影响决策。实验表明,当被试法官在不受干扰的实验环境中裁判影响性案件时,公众意见对案件结论几乎不产生影响,对相关决策理由的激励或抑制效果也不明显,但能显著影响法官对利益衡量性质理由的评判。与个体性因素相关的测试还表明,因公众意见而调整决策的少数法官倾向于考虑更多因素,这体现了政治型法官的思维模式,他们在认知风格上更接近于"狐狸型"。其他法官动机和目标更明确、简约,动机和目标体系的融贯性更稳定,也更能抵御公众意见的影响,这体现了技术型法官的思维模式,他们在认知风格上更接近于"刺猬型"。Judges＇ decision-making is influenced by three motivations and a system of goals. While judges are making decisions, all the positive and negative factors will constitute a cohesive cognitive network that includes both motivations and inhibitions. Public opinion may be directly involved in de- cision-making as a situational factor, or it may indirectly influence the decision-making as an individual factor, such as the judge＇ s attitude. Experiments have shown that public opinion has little effect on the final conclusion of the case or on the stimulation or suppression of the relevant decision-mak- ing. However, it can significantly affect judges＇ judgment in the balance of interest. Tests related to individual factors also show that a small number of judges who adjust their decisions because of public opinion tend to consider more factors. They are judges acting as statesmen and their cognitive styles are more ＂fox-like＂. Other judges, whose cognitive styles are more ＂hedgehog-like＂, are acting as craftsmen. Since craftsmen are influenced by fewer factors than statesmen, it is easier for them to reach a coherent mind that is able to resist the influence of public opinion.

关 键 词：公众意见 法官决策 判决说理 影响性案件 法官思维模式 

分 类 号：D926.2[政治法律—法学]