论知耻  

On the Sense of Shame

作　　者：刘梦溪[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国艺术研究院中国文化研究所,北京100029

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2017年第6期54-66,共13页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：仁智勇,是儒家的修身三达德。"知耻近乎勇",勇德尤其是士之为士的首要品格。孟子有四端之说,其中的"羞恶之心"即是知耻。有没有知耻之心,是人与非人的判定标准。"耻"和"廉"的连接,进一步成为治国理政的重要维度。"廉耻"不仅是立人之大节,更是立国之要义。顾炎武鉴于明亡的历史教训,痛言"士大夫之无耻,是谓国耻"。这是发人深省的人类尊铭,具有不可磨灭的警示意义,值得后世永远记取。This paper is the latest one of a series of articles that discuss the theoretical value of ＂the Six Classics＂（六经）. The purpose of this paper is to explore the three cardinal virtues of character cultivation raised in the Doctrine of the Mean（《中庸》） under the Book of Rites（《礼记》）. These three cardinal virtues are：（1） To possess the sense of shame is to get close to valiancy;（2） To be fond of learning is to get close to knowledge; and（3） To practise with vigor is to get close to benevolence. The author indicates why the first cardinal virtue is the primary character of the literati,and also elaborates the implications of the second and the third cardinal virtues. This paper looks into the relationship between ＂to practise with vigor＂and ＂to get close to benevolence＂,and concludes that benevolence,which embeds itself in human relationship,contains kinship,affection,generosity and erudition. In the ＂Four Principles of Humanity＂put forward by Mencius,＂the feeling of shame and dislike＂is just the same as＂the possession of the sense of shame＂. According to Mencius,one who does not have the sense of shame is ＂non-human＂. Guan Zi（管子） pointed out that the sense of propriety,righteousness,integrity,and shame are the four moral pillars in running a nation. For the first time,he related shame to moral integrity. In the New History of Five Dynasties（《新五代史》）,Ouyang Xiu（欧阳修） expressed his deep understanding that the sense of integrity and shame is the major fortitude in terms of character establishment. Avarice will become limitless without the sense of integrity,while vice will become boundless without the sense of shame. In the early Qing Dynasty,Gu Yanwu（顾炎武） summarized the lessons from the collapse of the Ming Dynasty,and warned as a cautionary motto that it is the shame of a nation if the literati officialdom loses the sense of shame.

关 键 词：修身 知耻 士行 行己有耻 士大夫 礼义廉耻 

分 类 号：G03[文化科学]