从“用夏变夷”到“进于文明”——重审思想史中的“汉化”概念  

From “Change the Barbarians” to Civilization: A Revisit of “Sinicization” in the Ideological History

作　　者：段志强 DUAN Zhiqiang(National Institute for Advanced Humanistic Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Chin)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学文史研究院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2018年第2期2-10,共9页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目"顾炎武与晚清民初的政治文化"(项目批准号:15YJC770009)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：清初的明遗民对"用夏变夷"观念有两条阐释路径:一种以顾炎武为代表,重视文化传统的延续;一种以王夫之为代表,强调华夏与周边族群的差异。到了清末,这两种思潮既成为种族革命的思想资源,也成为未来中国究竟应该采用何种族群结构的争论焦点。不过,尽管晚清革命者与知识人对中国的国家形成有不同思路,但大体上争论的两方都有一些相近观念,即一方面要强调汉族在中国历史中的主体地位,另一方面要维持多民族统一的政治局面,将这两方面连接起来的概念就是"汉化"。在梁启超、杨度、孙中山等人的设想中,只有汉族厉行改革,中国境内其他民族再"同化"于汉族,中国才能免于灭亡的命运,而未来"汉化"或"民族同化"的前景是中国所有民族的国民化,实质上是以西方为模板的"现代化"或"文明化"。在新文化运动主张西化的时代潮流中,一些历史学家希望重树民族自信,他们将"民族同化"的观念投射到中国历史研究领域,就形成了后来被广泛采用、也饱受批评的汉化模式。在思想史中看"汉化"概念的内涵演变可以发现"汉化"概念在中国史领域内的应用,不仅仅是由单纯的汉族民族主义思潮所引发,也是建筑在某种社会发展阶段论上的中国式现代化理论的结果。In the early years of the Qing Dynasty,scholars made different interpretations of the concept of ＂yong xia bian yi＂（ change the barbarians to huaxia） which was turned into an ideological resource for the ethnic revolution in the late Qing Dynasty. It also became the focus of controversy over the future of China. Although late Qing revolutionaries and intellectuals had different ideas about the structure of a ＂China＂state,both sides of the debate generally had some similar concepts that emphasized both the predominance of Han and a multi-ethnic China. The concept ＂hanhua ＂（ sinicization） was introduced to connect the two aspects. In their vision,＂sinicization ＂ or＂assimilation of the nation＂was the nationalization of all ethnic groups in China. Essentially,it is＂modernization＂or＂civilization＂based on the Western experiences. The application of the concept of ＂sinicization＂in the field of Chinese history is not only the result of nationalism but rather the result of a Chinese-style theory of modernization modeled on the theory of civilization stages.

关 键 词：用夏变夷 汉化 民族同化 中华民族 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]