新书、新学与新党:清末读书人群体身份认同的趋向与印刷文化的转向  

The Tendency for Self-identity of Literati-elites and the Transformation of Print Culture in Late Qing Period

作　　者：曹南屏[1] Cao Nanping(Department of History,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,Chin)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2018年第4期100-111,共12页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目"阅读变迁与知识转型--晚清科举考试用书研究"(项目批准号:15YJC770004)阶段性成果

摘　　要：得益于诸如石印、铅印等新式印刷技术的大量应用,晚清时期书籍出版的速度变得更为迅捷,书籍售价却相对低廉,从而也使得更为广泛的书籍传播成为可能。甲午以后,时人口称的"新书"、"新报"作为"新学"的具体承载物,其关注度与传播度均有显著提升。"新学"的传播制造了大量"新党"与"志士",也由此导致读书人群体中"新党"与"旧党"的分野日益突出。"新书"、"新学"、"新党"与"旧书"、"旧学"、"旧党"成为两组互相对立的流行语汇,表征着清末中国读书人群体知识取向与身份认同的分化。然而,丁酉年乡试允许考官"兼问时务"的举措,乃至戊戌年科举改制的失败,都对出版市场产生了显著影响,也体现出科举制度作为一种建制性力量,对于"新学"的传播与流行具有不可忽略的影响力。正是辛丑年科举改制最终落实之后,在"朝廷维新"的整体氛围中,"新书"、"新报"在参与科举考试的读书人群体中获得了极大的传播度,吸引了为数甚众的新读者。"新书"、"新报"在为清末读书人群体提供了更多的新知识、新思想的同时,也塑造、引领了一种新的知识风尚与身份认同,在清末科举改制与教育体制转型的制度性推力配合之下,开启了近代中国印刷文化的整体转向。During the late Qing period,with the development of new technologies as lithographic printing and lead-type printing,publication of books became more quickly,meanwhile the price of books became lower,which made widespread of books be possible. After the first Sino-Japanese War,so-called ＂new books ＂（ xin shu） and ＂new newspapers＂（xin bao）increasingly received considerable attention and were widely disseminated as carriers of＂new learning＂（xin xue）,so as to gradually cause the distinction between＂new faction＂（xin dang）and＂old faction＂（jiu dang）among the literati-elites.Several pairs of antonyms like＂old books,＂＂old learning,＂and＂old faction,＂as well as＂new books,＂＂new learning,＂and＂new faction,＂all became popular words then,which represented the distinction and divergence in self-identity of literati-elites.Nevertheless,a new policy that＂policy questions＂could be asked in civil examinations was held in 1897,and then the reform of civil examinations was abolished in 1898.Both made great influence to book market,which explicitly showed non-negligible institutional power possessed by civil examinations in the dissemination and prevalence of＂new learning.＂Eventually reform of civil examinations fulfilled in 1901,and then＂new books＂and＂new newspapers＂were tremendously disseminated in literati-elites who took active part in civil examinations in atmosphere of＂reform led by imperial court.＂Besides providing new knowledge and new ideas for literati-elites,＂new books＂and＂new newspapers＂also shaped and led a new-styled knowledge and self-identity among them.In accordance with the institutional thrusts as the reform of civil examinations and the introduction of Western educational system,the transformation of print culture in modern China was initiated.

关 键 词：新书 新学 新党 读书人群体 印刷文化 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]