归纳推理和演绎推理的关系理论及其模型  

The Relationship and Theoretical Model of Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning

作　　者：雷明 陈明慧 赵维燕[2] 赵光 Lei Ming;Chen Minghui;Zhao Weiyan;Zhao Guang(Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Science,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian,116029;School of Mental Health,Jining Medical University,Jining,272062)

机构地区：[1]辽宁师范大学脑与认知神经科学研究中心,大连116029 [2]济宁医学院精神卫生院,济宁272113

出　　处：《心理科学》2018年第4期1017-1023,共7页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(NSEC:31400870)的资助

摘　　要：归纳推理和演绎推理是否属于同一认知加工过程是推理心理学研究领域的热点问题。单过程和双过程理论是阐述这两种推理形式内在关系的主要理论类型。总体上,病理研究、元分析、ERP研究更多地支持单过程理论,而运用f MRI、PET等技术的研究更倾向于支持双过程理论的观点。因此,由于实验范式的多样性以及研究手段的缺陷等原因现有研究仍无法针对这一问题得出确切结论。在未来的研究中,应多关注推理的加工过程中有关时间进程的研究,建立更科学合理的心理推理理论。Reasoning is a kind of cognitive process related to high-level thinking activities. People can evaluate the relationship between the premise and the conclusion through different reasoning processes. In the psychological field, inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning are two principal aspects of reasoning. The process of launching new specific conclusions according to general principles is called deductive reasoning. Inversely, inductive reasoning is the activity of thinking that induces general rules from specific things or phenomena. Existing studies focus on the nature and characteristics of the two types of reasoning, but only a few articles discuss the underlying cognitive mechanism and the relationship between them. However, it is undeniable that the relationship between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning has become a key issue in the field of reasoning psychology. There are several theories meant to reveal the relationship between inductive and deductive reasoning. For example, ＂single-process theory＂ supports that inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning share the same cognitive process. ＂One-dimension signal detection model＂ is constructed based on this theory. ＋＋According to this model, deductive reasoning requires more support than inductive reasoning in the strength of evidence, which results in higher judgment standard of deductive reasoning compared to inductive reasoning. Therefore, the only difference between induction and deduction is reaction criteria. The opposing view comes from the ＂dual-process theory＂, which holds that inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning are two differently cognitive processes. Studies of cognitive neurophysiology, which provide strong evidence for this theory, have found that activation of brain regions is not exactly the same in the two reasoning processes, and the two kinds of reasoning are differently affected by heuristic and analysis processes. More specifically, Induction and deduction are both influenced by the two cognitive me

关 键 词：归纳推理 演绎推理 单过程理论 双过程理论 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]