晚清京师政治中“同治”话语的形成与变异  

The Formation and Variation of the “Ruling Together” Discourse in Central Politics in the Late Qing

作　　者：高波[1] GAO Bo(School of History,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院

出　　处：《清史研究》2018年第4期87-101,共15页The Qing History Journal

摘　　要：辛酉政变后,为正当化违反清朝祖宗家法的亲王摄政与母后垂帘格局,恭亲王奕与两宫皇太后定"同治"为年号,以取法"顺治"朝为号召,建立自身的正当性基础。这一"同治"话语的核心是被当作当代睿亲王(多尔衮)的奕。但在同治中期之后,随着两宫(以慈禧为主)权威日增以及清流兴起,对"同治"的新解释开始出现。清流以北宋"元祐"之治为榜样,以两宫为宣仁高太后,而以自身为"元祐诸贤",希望建立内廷与外朝士大夫同治天下的新格局。这一话语为两宫与清流提供了超出清朝祖宗家法外的正当性基础。但1880年代后,随着光绪帝日渐年长,以及公羊学等新学术在京师的流行,新一代清流对熙丰变法的态度日趋正面,开始期待宋神宗与王安石式的君相"同治",故他们与慈禧的关系日渐紧张,最终导致戊戌变法被慈禧强力终止,而这意味着1861年以来以统治集团内各方有限合作为基础的"同治"局面的失败。此后,"同治""元祐"等话语在实际政治过程中均日渐形式化与空洞化,替代性的民权与立宪话语则随之出现。After the 1861 Coup, in order to justify the prince＇s regency and the empress dowagers＇ ＂reign behind the curtain,＂ which violated laws handed down from forefathers of the Qing dynasty, Prince Gong and both empress dowagers, following the example of the ＂Shunzhi＂ emperor, chose ＂ruling together＂ as the reign title to establish their own legitimacy. The key figure in the ＂ruling together＂ discourse was Prince Gong, who was regarded as the contemporary Prince Dorgon. However, after the middle of the ＂ruling together＂ period, as the authority of the two empress dowagers（especially Cixi） was increasing and the ＂Clear Stream＂ faction was rising in Beijing, a new explanation of legitimacy began to appear. Hoping to establish a new pattern in which the inner court ruled with the bureaucracy, the ＂Clear Stream＂ faction followed the example of ＂Yuanyou＂ in the Song dynasty, regarding the two empress dowagers as the queen mother of emperor Shenzong of Song, and themselves as the ＂wise men of Yuanyou.＂ This discourse provided legitimacy for the two empress dowagers and the ＂Clear Stream＂ faction that exceeded the norms handed down from forefathers of the Qing dynasty, however, after the 1880 s, as emperor Guangxu grew older, and new scholarship, such as GongyangStudies, became popular among the political elites in Beijing, the new generation of the ＂Clear Stream＂faction began to hold a more positive attitude toward the Xifeng Reform of the Song emperor Shenzong. The ＂Clear Stream＂ faction expected to ＂rule together＂ with emperor Guangxu, like Wang Anshi with the Song emperor Shenzong. Therefore, their relationship with Cixi became increasingly tense, which eventually led to the termination of the 100 Days Reform by Cixi, meaning that ＂ruling together＂ based on limited cooperation among political elites in Beijing since 1861 had failed. Since then, discourses such as ＂ruling together＂ and ＂Yuanyou＂ became increasingly formalized and hollowed out in the a

关 键 词：同治 顺治 清流 元祐 慈禧 

分 类 号：K252[历史地理—历史学]