膜侧施肥对旱地小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率的影响  

Effects of Ridge Mulching with Side-dressing on Grain Yield, Protein Content and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Wheat

作　　者：黄明[1,2] 王朝辉[1,3] 罗来超[1] 王森[1] 包明[1] 何刚[1] 曹寒冰[1] 刁超朋 李莎莎[1] HUANG Ming;WANG Zhao-Hui;LUO Lai-Chao;WANG Sen;BAO Ming;HE Gang;CAO Han-Bing;DIAO Chao-Peng;LI Sha-Sha(Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;School of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003,China;State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳471023 [3]西北农林科技大学旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《作物学报》2017年第6期899-911,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB150404);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-3-1-31);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104)资助~~

摘　　要：覆膜栽培能提高旱地小麦产量,但降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,优化施肥是解决这一问题的有效措施之一。2013年9月至2016年9月,在黄土高原中部典型旱地进行田间定位试验,比较传统平作(不覆盖+均匀施肥)、垄覆沟播(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+均匀施肥)和膜侧施肥(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+播种行侧膜下定位施肥)栽培模式下,0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量和0~200 cm土壤水分,以及膜侧施肥对小麦氮素吸收利用、产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用的影响。与传统平作相比,在偏旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度,垄覆沟播的小麦产量分别提高9.5%和6.3%,籽粒蛋白质含量降低7.1%和9.9%,水分利用效率提高5.8%和8.7%,而膜侧施肥的小麦产量提高18.8%和22.8%,籽粒蛋白质含量无显著变化,水分利用效率提高13.2%和19.6%;在偏湿润的2014—2015年度,垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥对小麦产量无影响,但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率分别提高6.0%和17.0%。与垄覆沟播相比,膜侧施肥在偏湿润年份使生长季内100~200 cm土壤水分消耗显著减少,而在偏旱年份使夏休闲季土壤蓄水显著增加,开花和收获期0~40 cm土壤硝态氮、根系全氮以及开花期茎叶全氮含量升高,促进了小麦营养器官氮素吸收、积累及其向籽粒的转运,提高了旱地小麦产量,籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率。在偏干旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度,膜侧施肥较垄覆沟播产量分别提高8.4%和15.5%,籽粒蛋白质含量提高9.9%和8.7%,水分利用效率提高7.0%和10.0%;在偏湿润的2014—2015年度,两处理产量无显著差异,但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量提高6.0%。因此,膜侧施肥可维持旱地小麦生育后期的土壤氮供应,提高小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率,增加下季播前深层土壤贮水,是适宜于旱区推广的小麦栽培模式。The yield of dryland wheat can be promoted in plastic-film-mulching cultivation but the grain protein content is decreasedsimultaneously.Fertilizer management is considered as one of the solutions to this problem.From September2013toSeptember2016,we conducted a three-year experiment in four fixed dryland plots in central Loess Plateau with winter wheat under three cropping patterns.The CP pattern was the local conventional cropping pattern without plastic film mulching and uniformfertilization.The RF pattern was carried out by ridge mulching,furrow seeding and uniform fertilization.The RFF patternwas similar to RF except that fertilizer was located with side-dressing under plastic film.The nitrate-N content in0–40cm soillayer,soil moisture(0–200cm),the nitrogen absorption and utilization of wheat plant,final yield,grain protein content,and wateruse efficiency(WUE)were measured.In the dry2013–2014and2015–2016growing seasons,compared with CP,yield increasedby9.5%and6.3%in RF and by18.8%and22.8%in RFF,WUE increased by5.8%and8.7%in RF and by13.2%and19.6%inRFF.The grain protein content under RF condition decreased by7.1%in2013–2014and9.9%in2015–2016,however,that underRFF condition had no significant changes in both years.In the wet2014–2015growing season,grain yield had no significantchanges among CP,RF,and RFF,whereas the grain protein content and WUE in RFF were increased by6.0%and17.0%,respectively.RFF could adjust soil water storage and consumption better than RF with decreasing water consumption in100–200cmsoil layer in wet year and increasing water harvest during fallow period in dry year.In addition,RFF was more favorable than RFto the nitrate-N content in0–40cm soil layer,total N content in root at anthesis and harvest,total N content in leaf at anthesis,andN absorption,accumulation in vegetative organs and N translocation to grain.As a result,RFF had higher yield,grain proteincontent,and WUE than RF.In dry years of2013–2014and2015–2016,compared with RF,the yield in RFF was increased by8.

关 键 词：雨养旱地 膜侧施肥 冬小麦 产量 蛋白质含量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]