美国高校的马克思主义、社会主义和共产主义史教学  

Teaching the History of Marxism,Socialism and Communism in U. S. Colleges and Universities

作　　者：诺尔曼.马科维兹 李淑清[2] Norman Markowitz;Li Shuqing

机构地区：[1]美国新泽西州罗格斯大学历史系 [2]中国农业大学烟台研究院

出　　处：《世界社会主义研究》2018年第6期57-63,95,共8页World Socialism Studies

摘　　要：思想自由一向被标榜为美国高等教育的特点,但历史事实证明并非如此。"麦卡锡主义"时期之前,美国高校没有开设马克思主义课程,共产党员教师不得不隐瞒自己的党员身份,共产党人在政府、高校、企业遭到全面清洗。"麦卡锡主义"时期,一个人要想在高校就业,必须签署自己不是共产党的誓言;课堂上讲到马克思主义和社会主义,必须用反共的语言。"麦卡锡主义"之后,"黑名单"受害者大多数并没有在高校恢复原职,讲授马克思主义的课程虽然很多,但老师既不认同共产党,也不认同真正的人民运动。20世纪80年代,一些过去被清洗的无政府主义新左派激进分子在高校得到了工作,但他们不是共产党人。总之,在美国,共产党人在社会各个领域成为被攻击对象的程度要远远高于其他国家,一个老师一旦加入共产党,就会在就业、晋升、出版等方面遇到种种麻烦,甚至遭到联邦调查局的威胁。在资本主义制度下,思想自由是有条件的,充其量不过是通过"压制性宽容"来维持的装饰品。Intellectual freedom has been repeatedly touted as the hallmark of American higher education,but history has proved otherwise.Before the period of“McCarthyism”,there were no courses on Marxism in American colleges and universities;Communist professors were compelled to hide their party membership;Communists in governments,universities and enterprises were weeded out.During the period of“McCarthyism”,individuals had to sign an oath that they were not or had not been members of the CPUSA in order to gain college and university employment;if individuals wished to address Marxism and socialism in their courses,they must frame their teaching in anti-Communist terms.After the period of“McCarthyism”,most of the victims in the blacklists failed to gain college or university positions.In the 1980s,anarchist oriented New Left radicals who had been dismissed gained new positions in universities.In brief,Communists have been targeted at a much higher level than others in all areas of US life.Once a teacher joins the CPUSA,he will have problems in career,promotion and publication and even be threatened by the FBI.Under capitalism,intellectual freedom is conditional,and it is at best an ornament sustained through“repressive tolerance”.

关 键 词：美国高等教育 马克思主义 美国共产党 

分 类 号：G649.712[文化科学—高等教育学] G641[文化科学—教育学]