种植小麦培育了中国北方的个人主义文化--结合作物种植史和移民史对中国南北方文化差异的思考  

Does Growing Wheat Cultivate the Individualistic Culture of Northern China

作　　者：张积家[1] 乔艳阳 ZHANG Ji-jia;QIAO Yan-yang(Department of Psychology,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China;Party School of Tianjin Municipal Party Committee,Tianjin 300191,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学心理学系,北京100872 [2]中共天津市委党校,天津300191

出　　处：《贵阳学院学报（社会科学版）》2018年第5期32-39,共8页Journal of Guiyang University:Social Sciences

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目:“语言影响人格:来自双语者和双言者的行为与电生理证据”(项目编号:17XNL002)阶段性成果

摘　　要：托尔汉姆等人提出的"稻米理论"在心理学界、文化人类学界引起了较大反响。他们认为,中国北方温度较低、水资源少,更适合于种植小麦,这种种植方式对个体之间的合作要求低,更容易产生个人主义文化;中国南方温度较高、水资源充足,更适合于种植水稻,这种种植方式对个体之间的合作要求高,更容易培养集体主义文化。"稻米理论"在解释中国南北方文化差异时存在着明显不足:首先,倡导集体主义的儒家文化产生于中国北方传统小麦种植区;其次,托尔汉姆等人以为当代中国南方人和中国北方人的祖先也是南方人和北方人,这种看法缺乏历史观,忽略了对中国南北方文化差异具有重要影响的北方少数民族内迁和中原汉族南迁的历史,也忽略了近现代国民革命军北伐、红军北上抗日和解放战争期间解放军大军南下的历史,会对有关中国南北方人的文化价值取向的因果关系推论产生负面的影响。所以如此,是由于"稻米理论"的提倡者不了解中国的作物种植史和移民史,进而对在历史中形成的中国的南北方人作了静态的理解所致。The rice theory of culture raised by Talhelm and his research group stirs a ripple in the area of social cultural psychology and cultural anthropology.The theory proposes that the north of China is more fit for cultivating wheat than the south of China due to low temperature,which would foster their individualism;on the contrary,the south of China is more fit for cultivating rice than the north of China due to high temperature,which would foster their collectivism.But there are some limitations in this theory.Firstly,Confucian culture,advocating collectivism,is produced in the wheat areas of the north of China.That's hard to explain by rice theory.Furthermore,Talhelm and his research group ignored either the history of immigration of minorities in north and Han in south or the history of immigration of army in China in different periods such as the period of War of Resistance Against Japan and the period of the war of liberation,which all would influence the related conclusions about the difference between northern culture and southern culture in China.Because Talhelm and his research group are not familiar with either the history of crop planting and immigration or the formation process of the north and the south people in China,they adopt a static understanding about the difference instead of dynamic understanding.

关 键 词：个人主义 集体主义 种植史 移民史 文化 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] G122[文化科学]