十二伊玛目派传统政治思想的演进及其根源  

The Evolution and Roots of the Traditional Political Thought of the Twelver

作　　者：王凤[1] Wang Feng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所(中国非洲研究院)

出　　处：《西亚非洲》2019年第6期110-134,共25页West Asia and Africa

摘　　要：自伊斯兰教产生至18世纪末,什叶派特别是十二伊玛目派的传统政治思想,特别是其中的核心思想,即谁是先知穆罕默德合法继承人的思想实现了非常缓慢、异常艰难、却是历史性的跨越,由伊玛目是伊斯兰社团的政治、宗教和精神领袖逐步演变为乌莱玛是隐遁伊玛目的"一般代表"之思想。十二伊玛目派的传统政治思想之所以能够实现这种历史性跨越,有其重要的社会历史条件:在多个王朝的政策扶持下,什叶派及其乌莱玛的社会政治地位得到历史性提升,学术活动得以发展和繁荣,十二伊玛目派还被确立为萨法维等王朝的国教,由此乌莱玛与王朝统治者结成了相互依赖、相互支持的合作关系。除此之外,在十二伊玛目派教义学和教法学当中还根植了一种独特的理性主义因素。这种理性主义因素在神学框架内确定了"人"这个因素在伊斯兰各学科以及宗教实践当中的重要地位和作用,进而为确立十二伊玛目派乌莱玛,尤其是穆智台希德在伊斯兰社团中的宗教领袖地位提供了理论支撑。在当代,这种传统政治思想及其方法论为伊朗伊斯兰共和国奠基人霍梅尼所继承和发展,并成为伊朗伊斯兰共和国指导思想的一个重要来源。The traditional political thought of the Twelver,in particular the theory of the leadership had gone through a historical shift from the middle of the 8th century to the end of the 18th century.For the Shi‘a,although the Imam is always considered as the religious,spiritual and political leader for the Islamic world,the ulema of the Twelver had gradually become the General Deputy for the Hidden Imam and thus in reality become the religious leader for the Islamic world.The reason why this political thought had undergone such significant transformation had partly lied in the promotion of Shi ‘a and their ulema as a whole to a higher political and social status since the occultation of the twelfth Imam.Since then the Shi ‘a had come to the public,their theology and jurisprudence etc.had sprung up and made great progress.Apart from that,the Twelver Shi ‘ism had been established as the state religion in the Safawid period.On this basis,the principle of rationalism had been accepted in the Twelver’s theology and at last in their jurisprudence.Therefore,the role of human being along with that of Koran and Hadith had been affirmed in the intellectual activities and religious practice and further laid the foundation for the theory of the ulema’s religious leadership for the Islamic world.In contemporary time,this traditional political thought and its methodology has been inherited and further transformed by Khomeini,the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran,and thus become one of the important sources for this country’s ideology.

关 键 词：传统政治思想 十二伊玛目派 伊玛目教义 乌莱玛 国教 理性主义 

分 类 号：B96[哲学宗教—宗教学]