颠覆与虚无：莎剧《麦克白》与《哈姆莱特》中的主观性困境  

Subversion and Nihility:The Subjective Difficulty in Shakespeare’s Macbethand Hamlet

作　　者：王楠[1] WANG Nan(School of Sociology,China University of Political Science and Law)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学社会学院

出　　处：《社会》2020年第1期124-163,共40页Chinese Journal of Sociology

基　　金：“中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队支持计划”资助~~

摘　　要：本文通过对比莎士比亚四大悲剧中《麦克白》与《哈姆莱特》两剧主人公的性格,从主观性的角度入手,尝试分析麦克白与哈姆莱特这两个人物的性格特征及其缺陷如何造成其悲剧命运,并进一步揭示莎士比亚塑造这两个人物的现代性意义。麦克白受想象引发的欲望诱惑,犯下弑君罪行,在犯罪之后,又受同样源于想象的恐惧折磨,幻想掩盖罪行,确保安全,反而令自己的罪恶越发深重。麦克白用自己的行动不断颠覆现实,将自身放逐于自然秩序之外。哈姆莱特的困境在于,他用自己高度二元化的形而上学思维来把握世界,在自己的头脑中构建起思维与存在、本质与表象、理想与现实的对立,并在双方的对立冲突中令自己陷入虚无,从而无法完成报仇的使命。莎士比亚塑造的这两个人物,正是后来现代社会中高度主观抽象的现代人的真实写照。William Shakespeare lived in the Tudor period and in his plays created a series of classic characters,foreshadowing many fundamental traits of modern men.This paper compares Macbeth and Hamlet,two infamous characters of Shakespeare’s great tragedies,and analyzes the characteristic defects that led to their tragic fate from the subjective point of view.The study explores the modern meaning of Shakespeare’s creation of these two characters.Tempted by ambition Macbeth murdered the king,and later was tormented with fear by apowerful imagination,conjuring up manipulations and cover ups to keep himself safe.In so doing,Macbeth fell deeper in sin with his own actions,sinking into nihilistic nothingness.Hamlet’s dilemma is that his highly dualistic metaphysical thinking created for him a world of opposites between thinking and being,essence and appearance,ideal and reality.Paralyzed by the conflict,Hamlet could not bridge abstract thoughts with actions and bring himself to take vengeance.In the end,he could do nothing but submit himself to the will of the unknown God.These two characters by Shakespeare can well be regarded as accurate portraits of the highly subjective and abstract modern people today.Macbeth is an ambitious man who pursues his dream at all costs,while Hamlet is a poetic philosopher who indulges in his ideal world and laments the evils and impermanence of the world.

关 键 词：莎士比亚 悲剧 想象 虚无 主观抽象性 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]