穆勒论命题的含义  

Mill on the import of propositions

作　　者：宋伟[1] SONG Wei(Faculty of Philosophy,Hubei University/Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Culture Development,Wuhan 430062,China)

机构地区：[1]湖北大学哲学学院/中华文化发展湖北省协同创新中心

出　　处：《重庆理工大学学报（社会科学）》2020年第1期8-16,共9页Journal of Chongqing University of Technology（Social Science）

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学规划基金项目“穆勒的语言逻辑思想研究”(13YJA72040002)

摘　　要：穆勒在区分了命题和判断之后,讨论了“命题本质上是什么”或者说“命题这种述说形式究竟表达的是什么”这一有关命题含义的问题。在批评了命题含义的外延解释即命题所表达的是主词和谓词的指谓(denotation)相符,或者说主词和谓词仅仅是相同对象的不同名称之后,穆勒提出了命题含义的内涵解释,即认为命题所表达的是主词和谓词的涵谓(connotation)相符,或者说具有主词所涵谓的属性的对象也具有谓词所涵谓的属性。在此基础上,穆勒认为命题的含义就在于构成命题的名称的含义,就在于构成名称涵谓的事实,而事实既可以是物理的客观外在事实,也可以是心理的主观内在事实,所有的事实都可归入“存在”“共存”“相继”“因果”和“相似”这5种类型。通过进一步对“事实”“命题自体”和“事件类型”的讨论,可以看出穆勒对于命题含义的看法类似于一种认知实在论的观点。After having distinguished Proposition from Judgement,John Mill discussed the question“what is essentially a Proposition”or“what is that which is expressed by the form of discourse called a Proposition”,which is concerning the import of a proposition.And after having criticized the extensional interpretation of the import of a proposition which means that the denotation of the subject is the same with that of the predicate,or that the subject and the predicate are just the different names of the same things,Mill gave an intensional interpretation of the import of a proposition,that is,the connotation of the subject and that of the predicate correspond to each other or those things having the properties connoted by the subject have just also the properties connoted by the predicate.According to Mill,the import of a proposition just consists in that of the names constituting the proposition or in the facts constituting the connotation of the names,and the facts include not only the objective,physical and external ones but also the subjective,psychological and internal ones,and all the facts can be grouped into the five classes,namely,“Existence”,“Co-existence”,“Succession”,“Causation”and“Resemblance”.After more discussion to“Fact”,“Proposition in itself”and“Event Types”,it is seemingly obvious that Mill’s view of the import of proposition is similar to a cognitive realistic view of proposition.

关 键 词：穆勒 命题 事实 谓述理论 认知实在论 语言哲学 

分 类 号：B81-095[哲学宗教—逻辑学]