小学生归纳推理能力的发展研究及培养策略  

The Research on Inductive Reasoning of Pupils based on Similarity Judgment

作　　者：孙红梅 孙小越 阴国恩[2] Sun Hong-mei;Sun Xiao-yue;Yin Guo-en

机构地区：[1]天津中医药大学管理学院,天津301617 [2]天津师范大学心理与行为研究院,天津300074

出　　处：《天津市教科院学报》2019年第6期5-11,共7页Journal of Tianjin Academy of Educational Science

基　　金：天津市哲学社会科学研究规划项目“类别表征的认知机制研究——基于相似性判断的知识效应”（TJJX16-021）

摘　　要：归纳推理能力是儿童智力功能的核心,也是认知发展的驱动力。但随着年龄的增长,儿童归纳推理能力的发展特点还没有一致的结论。采用不熟悉的植物孢子作为实验材料,并提供关于植物孢子的理论知识,设置知觉信息与概念信息相冲突的情境,从而探讨不同年龄阶段的小学生基于概念相似还是知觉相似的优先加工问题。结果表明:一年级和三年级学生在基于知识和基于外观的推理之间不存在显著性差异,而五年级学生和大学生基于知识的推理次数显著高于基于外观的推理次数;五年级小学生和大学生在基于知识的推理上没有显著差异。研究结果暗示了小学五年级学生在进行归纳推理时与成人的表现相一致,小学一年级和三年级学生在基于概念归纳推理方面还处于过渡期。Inductive reasoning is central to the functioning of children’s intelligence and constitutes a driving force of cognitive development.However,with the growth of children’s age,the development characteristics of inductive reasoning remain unclear.We used unfamiliar natural species(spores)as experimental materials,and explored the influence of theoretical knowledge on similarity judgment when perceptual features conflict with conceptual information.The results showed that there is no significant difference between knowledge-based reasoning and appearance-based reasoning for the first and third grade pupils,the number of knowledge-based reasoning was significantly higher than that of appearance-based reasoning for the fifth grade pupils and college students.There was no significant difference in knowledge-based reasoning between fifth grade pupils and college students.Overall,these findings suggest that the inductive reasoning of fifth grade pupils is consistent with that of adults.The concept-based inductive reasoning is still in the transitional period for the first and third grade pupils.

关 键 词：相似性判断 理论知识 归纳推理 

分 类 号：B842.1[哲学宗教—基础心理学]