利己与利他均衡点的求索——解决斯密难题的罗尔斯方案  

Searching for An Equilibrium Point between Self-Interest and Altruism——John Rawls’s Solution to Adam Smith Problem and Its Evaluation

作　　者：张国清[1] 潘坤[2] Zhang Guoqing;Pan Kun(Department of Sociology,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,310058;School of Public Affairs,Zhejiang University Hangzhou,310058)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学社会学系,杭州310058 [2]浙江大学公共管理学院,杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江社会科学》2020年第2期109-120,159,共13页Zhejiang Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“《正义论》诠释与批评”(项目编号：17BZX013)

摘　　要：斯密难题是一个人性假说难题,展现了利己与利他难以调和的矛盾,预示着现代经济与社会发展面临的道德困境,在理论上表现为理性经济人与理性道德人的不兼容性,在实践上表现为现代社会财富快速增长与日益严重的贫富分化并存的趋势。在伦理学上,斯密难题成为古典功利主义容易受到攻击的最大薄弱点。作为古典功利主义的有力批评者,罗尔斯以康德式道德主体性建构理论为前提,把对于利己和利他均衡点的寻求,转变成对于公平与效率互惠点的演算,描绘了一幅良序社会的美好蓝图,提出了解决斯密难题的最终方案。然而,罗尔斯并未充分解读斯密的道德哲学。斯密与古典功利主义的关系,斯密与罗尔斯的潜在关联,关乎解决斯密难题的不同方案。斯密主张不要轻易否定私有财产的正当性,充分肯定其在增进社会财富、解决贫困以及推进人类文明进步方面的决定性作用。充分阐释斯密难题,明晰利己与利他的分歧所在,评估罗尔斯解决斯密难题的方案,揭示均衡发展的可能性,将为解决当前社会基本问题提供实践指导。Adam Smith Problem is a hypothesis problem of human nature, which shows the irreconcilable contradiction between self-interest and altruism, and indicates the moral dilemma modern economic and social development is confronted with. Theoretically, Adam Smith Problem represents the incompatibility between a rational economic man and a rational moral one. In practice, it is a tendency of the rapid growth of wealth in modern society and the increasingly serious polarization between the rich and the poor. In ethics,Adam Smith Problem becomes one of the most vulnerable shortcomings of classical utilitarianism. As a powerful critic of classic utilitarianism, John Rawls takes Kantian theory of moral subjectivity as a premise,transforms a searching for the equilibrium of self-interest and altruism into a calculation of the reciprocity of fairness and efficiency with a good blueprint of a well-ordered society, forms his final solution to that problem. However, Rawls does not fully interpret Smith as a utilitarian. In fact, both the extent to which Smith is related to classical utilitarianism, and the potential connection between Smith and Rawls concern about how to understand the true relationship between self-interest and altruism. Smith advocated not to simply deny the legitimacy of private property and fully affirmed its decisive role in enhancing social wealth, solving poverty and progressing human civilization. This article aims to fully explain Adam Smith Problem, clarifies the difference between self-interest and altruism, evaluates Rawls’ s solution to Adam Smith Problem, reveals the possibility of balanced development, and provides some practical guidance for solving the basic problems of the current society.

关 键 词：亚当·斯密 约翰·罗尔斯 古典功利主义 正义论 利己 利他 

分 类 号：B82-064[哲学宗教—伦理学]