清代斋教与山区移民认同的塑造——以闽浙赣地区为例  

The Vegetarian Cult in the Qing Dynasty and Its Identity Building for Immigrants in Mountain Regions

作　　者：陈明华 Chen Minghua(College of Humanities,Hangzhou Normal University)

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学人文学院

出　　处：《开放时代》2020年第2期99-116,M0005,M0006,共20页Open Times

基　　金：杭州师范大学“近代社会转型与新兴宗教的发展”项目(4065C5021720406)的资助。

摘　　要：由罗教变化而来的斋教教派,明末便已在江南各地开枝散叶。有清一代,闽浙赣地区的斋教活动相当频繁。大量迫于生计压力而入山开垦的移民成为其信众的重要来源,在缺乏宗族组织的情况下,参加斋教成为移民塑造身份认同的一种方式。本文通过对斋教仪式活动和利益分配方式的分析,展现斋教如何在观念上和物质上塑造信徒的"吃斋人"身份。认同的加强可能是把"双刃剑",它既可能改善内部成员的生存状态,也可能导致成员与其他群体的疏离与冲突。具有高度认同的群体,在特定因素的刺激下,可能走向集体暴力行为。原本以吃斋念经、劝人为善为活动内容的斋教群体在晚清大量参与暴力性事件即与此有关。By the end of the Ming Dynasty,the Vegetarian cult("zhaijiao"),which was derived from the Luo sect of Buddhism,had spread its branches over the south of the Yangtze river.During the Qing Dynasty,the Vegetarian cult was quite vibrant in the provinces of Fujian,Zhejiang and Jiangxi.A large number of immigrants who came to the mountains to live off cultivation became an important source supply of believers.In the absence of clan organization,Vegetarian set in to provide the immigrants with some sense of identity.Through analysis of the rituals and interest distribution of Vegetarian,this paper shows how the religion shaped the identity of its believers as"vegetarians".Identity building,however,could be a double-edged sword,for while it helped improve the living conditions of its members,it would also lead to alienation and conflict with other groups.Under certain circumstances,strong group identity may lead to collective violence.This is why a large number of Vegetarian members which used to recite sutras and persuade people to be good would participate in violent incidents in the late Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：斋教 山区移民 仪式 身份认同 

分 类 号：B989.1[哲学宗教—宗教学]