论先秦儒家“法先王”思想的天命史观  

The Study on the Historical View of Heaven's Destiny from"Modelling Former Kings"in Pre-Qin Period

作　　者：肖俊毅 Xiao Junyi(School of Chinese Classics,Wuhan University,Wuhan Hubei 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学国学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《乐山师范学院学报》2020年第3期115-123,共9页Journal of Leshan Normal University

摘　　要：儒家主张“法先王”并非仅仅停留于社会政治等现实领域,其思想结构的深处还存在着一个超越性维度,即“天命论”。从历史观的视域下看,“先王”与“天命”的互动构成了儒家观察历史变动规律的一个根本视点,可将其称之为“天命史观”或“历史天命论”。在儒家思想中,“天”与“人”之间存在着以内在心性为链条而达成的双向互动的统贯关系,而在历史上,在“人”的系统中,真正能够通过德性生命的圆成从而上达于天的,无疑只有具备了圣贤人格的三代先王。由此,先王便成为了沟通天人的一个内在中介点。先王受命于天本质上是由自身的德性修养与民心向背决定的,天命的道德属性象征着一个王朝治乱兴衰的历史命运。同时,先王获取天命的下贯并非一蹴而就,其间必定要经历一个漫长的修身俟命的过程,通过对一己之仁心的回归,推行仁政,从而尽人事听天命,以安然平和的心态等待天命的降临。Confucianism advocates that"modelling former kings"is not only in the field of society and politics,but also in the depth of its ideological structure,there is a transcendental dimension,that is,the theory of heaven's destiny.From the perspective of historical view,the interaction between"former kings"and"heaven’s destiny"constitutes a fundamental point of view for Confucianism to observe the law of historical change,which can be called"historical view of heaven's destiny".In Confucianism,there is a two-way interactive relationship between"heaven"and"human"through the chain of inner mind.In history,in the system of"human",only three generations of former kings who had sage personality can reached heaven through the completion of virtue life.As a result,former kings has become an internal intermediary point of communication between heaven and human.In essence,former kings ordered by heaven is determined by his own virtue cultivation and popular sentiment.The moral attribute of heaven's destiny symbolizes the historical fate of a dynasty in rise and fall.At the same time,the former king's access to heaven's destiny is not achieved overnight,during which he must go through a long process of self-cultivation and waiting for his destiny.By returning to one's own benevolence and promoting benevolent government,he can listen to heaven's destiny to the best of his ability and wait for heaven's destiny with a peaceful mind.

关 键 词：儒家 法先王 天命史观 天人合一 “俟命论” 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]