欧洲宗教改革与瑞士钟表业的崛起  

The European Reformation and the Rise of the Swiss Watch Industry

作　　者：马丁[1] Ma Ding

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学人文学院历史系

出　　处：《世界历史》2020年第2期45-60,I0004,共17页World History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“近现代以来瑞士民族特殊性、多样性的历史考察”(项目批准号:13BSS031)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在瑞士近代工业发展史上,钟表业占有举足轻重的地位。通过考察其历史,瑞士钟表业的奠基时期与欧洲的宗教改革时期恰好重合。可以说,瑞士钟表业从初创到迅速发展,并最终能够成为世界独一无二的“钟表王国”,无不与宗教改革有着密切的关联。16世纪的宗教改革为钟表业在瑞士的建立、发展、兴盛提供了良好的历史机遇宗教改革中的一些法令为钟表业的发展排除了劲敌首饰业,并将那些从事首饰业的工匠转化为钟表业的潜在技术人员;宗教改革的“衍生物”,即受到宗教迫害的法国难民等,则为瑞士钟表业的兴起提供了先进的技术、大量的资金、优秀的人才以及销售网络;宗教改革还从精神层面间接地产生了潜移默化的影响,从而陶染了瑞士人的思想观念,培养出瑞士人执着的工匠精神,为钟表业的长远发展提供了积极的因素。宗教改革不仅助推了钟表工业的发展,同时也带动了瑞士城市化发展和其他产业,对瑞士近代经济与社会产生了巨大的影响。The watch industry occupied a significant position in the development of the Swiss industry.It is notable that the foundation period of the Swiss watch industry just coincided with the religious reform in Europe.From the beginning to the rapid development,the Swiss watch industry finally became a unique‘kingdom of clocks’in the world,all of which had close relation with the European Reformation.The Reformation provided opportunities for the clock industry to build and develop in Switzerland.On the one hand,some laws passed during the Reformation eliminated the challenge from the jewellery industry which was the strong competitor of the watch industry,turning the jewellery craftsmen into the potential technicians in the watch industry.On the other hand,the French refugees who were persecuted in the Reformation brought advanced technique,vast capital,excellent talents,sales network,etc.for the rise of the Swiss watch industry.In addition,the Reformation exerted its influence on the Swiss people's ideology from the spiritual level and created the persistent Swiss craftsman's spirit.Conclusively,the Reformation not only provided positive factors for the long-term development of the Swiss watch industry,but also promoted the development of urbanization and other industries in Switzerland,greatly impacting the modern economy and society of Switzerland.

关 键 词：欧洲宗教改革 瑞士钟表业 新教 日内瓦 

分 类 号：G62[文化科学—教育学]