说谎、自欺与诚信教育的重建  

Lying,Self-deception and the Reconstruction of Honesty Education

作　　者：王占魁[1,2] WANG Zhan-kui

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学教育学系 [2]华东师范大学基础教育改革与发展研究所

出　　处：《华南师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第3期5-18,191,共15页Journal of South China Normal University：Social Science Edition

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学规划一般项目“道德教育中的论辩逻辑研究”(A1907)。

摘　　要：作为一种复杂的社会现象,说谎行为背后包藏着或善或恶两种目的指向。它不仅可以充当“欺骗”或“有意误导”等不道德目的的手段,而且能够充当“自我保护”乃至“帮助他人”等道德目的的手段;与此同时,它还可能充当“恭维”或“讨好”等非道德目的的手段。在社会生活中,它们大致对应以下三种说谎情形:一是文化领域中基于习俗要求的说谎;二是经济领域中基于利润要求的说谎;三是政治领域中基于权力要求的说谎。其中,基于习俗的说谎是人们普遍接受的非道德行为;基于利润的说谎则是人们普遍抵制的不道德行为;而基于权力的说谎则是有可能迫使人们走向“自欺”的不道德行为。近代以来,在国家主义和经济主义的冲击下,儒家建立在“毋自欺”基础之上的“诚意”修身传统,逐渐演变为一种舍弃“诚意”的“信用”概念。它在酿成“习惯性说谎”“普遍性说谎”乃至“制度性说谎”等历史遗存的同时,也催生了建立在“自欺”基础上的一种不健全的“信用”观念。为重建一种能有效避免人格“自欺”的诚信教育,需要切实做好以下三个方面的工作:首先,应该宽容说真话的人,营造一种说真话的道德氛围;其次,在说真话尚且得不到完全的制度保障的情况下,应当宽容那些迫于最基本的生存威胁的说谎行为,前提是必须警惕陷入“自欺欺人”的人格陷阱;最后,也是最根本的一点,培养人们追求事实的精神,增强人们对不同性质和类型的说谎的识别力。As a complex social phenomenon,lying has two kinds of purposes behind it,good or evil.Lying can be used not only as a means of deceit aimed at“deceiving”,but also as a means of achieving moral ends such as“self-protection”and“helping others”.In addition,it may also be used as an immoral means of“flattering others”.Therefore,we can divide lying into three categories:lying based on custom in the field of culture,lying based on profit in the field of economy,and lying based on power in the field of politics.Among them,lying based on custom is an amoral behavior generally accepted by people,while lying based on profit is an immoral behavior that people generally resist,while lying based on power is an immoral behavior that may force people to deceive themselves.Since modern times,under the impact of nationalism and economism,the Confucian tradition of“sincerity”self-cultivation based on“no self-deception”has gradually evolved into a concept of“credit”that abandons“sincerity”.It not only leads to the era of habitual lying,universal lying and even institutional lying,but also gives birth to an imperfect concept of“credit”based on“self-deception”.To reconstruct a kind of honesty education which can effectively avoid personality“self-deception”,this paper holds that we urgently need to do a good job in the following three aspects:first of all,we should be tolerant of those who speak the truth,thus create a moral atmosphere of telling the truth;secondly,in the case that there is no full institutional guarantee for telling the truth,we should also tolerate the lying acts forced by the bottommost survival needs,with the premise that we must be on guard against the self-deception personality trap;finally and the most fundamentally,we should cultivate people s spirit of pursuing facts and enhance their capacity of recognizing different types of lying with different characters.

关 键 词：说谎 诚意 诚信 缺乏诚意的信用 自欺 道德教育 

分 类 号：E40[军事—军事理论]