对量化问题的哲学实验研究  

Studies of Quantitative Problem Based on Philosophical Experiments

作　　者：何孟杰[1] 周昌乐[2] HE Mengjie;ZHOU Changle(Tan Kah Kee College,Xiamen University,Zhangzhou,Fujian,363105;Department of Philosophy,Xiamen University,Xiamen,Fujian,361005)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学嘉庚学院,福建漳州363105 [2]厦门大学哲学系,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2020年第5期36-44,共9页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：2017年教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目“哲学实验的哲学基础”(项目编号:17YJA720003)。

摘　　要：在量化问题上,传统逻辑和现代逻辑的对当方阵大相径庭,且各有局限。哲学实验结果显示:(1)自然语言中A、I命题都允许主项为实体性存在、观念性存在,不接受自相矛盾的主项;(2)各语境下自然语言的A、I命题在主项存在方面高度相似,表明A命题预设了主项存在;(3)不同语境下对A、I命题的否定接受了不同的预设,表明了否定包含预设、且预设具有层次性。基于实验结果的"分层量化"方案,把A命题的主项存在预设形式化为公式的一部分;把不同语境下否定的预设形式化为独立的前提,据此分层建立了否定时预设个体存在(■x)、预设主项存在(■xSx)、预设主项为全域(■xSx)的对当方阵,三者具有内在一致性。新方案似可较为系统地消解量化问题的困境。In the quantitative problem,the squares of opposition between traditional logic and modern logic are very different,and each has its limitations.The results of philosophical experiments show that (1) A and I propositions in natural language allow subject to be reality and conceptual,but do not accept self-contradictory subjects;(2) In each context,the natural language A and I are highly similar in terms of subject existence,indicating that A proposition presupposes the existence of the subject;(3) The negation of A and I propositions in different contexts accepts different presuppositions,indicating that negation contains presuppositions,and those presuppositions are hierarchical.Based on these results,we propose a "hierarchical quantification" scheme,formalizing the subject existence presupposition of the A proposition as part of the formula of A,and formalizing the presupposition of negation in different contexts as an independent premise.Then according to different situations such as preset individual existence (■x),preset subject existence (■xSx),and preset subject as full domain (■xSx) when negating a proposition,the squares of opposition are established hierarchically,all these squares of opposition are internal consistency.This new scheme seems to be able to eliminate the dilemma of quantization problems systematically.

关 键 词：对当关系 存在 预设 否定 分层量化 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]