极地微生物酶资源开发研究进展  

A REVIEW OF NOVEL POLAR MICROBIAL ENZYMES FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

作　　者：王伟[1,2] 姚从禹 孙晶晶 郝建华[1,2] Wang Wei;Yao Congyu;Sun Jingjing;Hao Jianhua(Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China;Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology,Qingdao 266235,China;College of Food Science and Technology,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China)

机构地区：[1]中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,农业农村部极地渔业开发重点实验室,山东青岛266071 [2]青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室,山东青岛266235 [3]上海海洋大学食品学院,上海201306

出　　处：《极地研究》2020年第2期264-275,共12页Chinese Journal of Polar Research

基　　金：中国工程院战略研究(2018-ZD-08);农业农村部极地渔业开发重点实验室开放课题(2019OPF02);中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2020TD67)资助。

摘　　要：两极地区的微生物在极端环境中演化出能够耐受低温、高盐等特殊性质的酶。极地微生物的酶有潜在的应用价值,是重要的生物资源。极地微生物在各种复杂的极地环境中形成了高度多样性,蕴含着可供开发利用的大量新酶资源。近年来国内外持续发现大量的极地微生物新酶,说明极地微生物已成为新酶的重要来源。本文简述了近5年来极地微生物新酶开发的研究进展,分类列举了有较好商用前景的蛋白酶、脂肪酶/酯酶、糖类降解酶等重要工业酶的筛选和性质等研究简况。Special challenges for microorganisms in cold ecosystems include reduced enzymatic reaction rates,limited bioavailability of nutrients,and frequent extremes in pH and salinity.To thrive successfully in low temperature environments,psychrophiles have evolved a complex range of structural and functional adaptations.Psychrophiles produce cold-active enzymes,which can be up to ten times more active at low and moderate temperatures compared with their mesophilic homologues.The enzymes of polar microorganisms are shaped by their adaptations to the permanently low temperatures.In addition,strongly differing environments,such as permafrost,glaciers and sea ice,have contributed to additional functional diversity.Microorganisms that thrive in the polar zones are a vast reservoir of cold-adapted enzymes.These enzymes could be beneficial in many industrial applications.Research using polar microorganisms to find new bioproducts has been mainly focused on enzymes that can be used in a range of industrial processes.The biotechnological value of cold-adapted enzymes stems from their high turnover(kcat)at low to moderate temperatures and their high thermolability at elevated temperatures.In recent years,a large number of new polar microbial enzymes have been continuously discovered,indicating that polar microbes have become an important source of novel enzymes.This review describes the research progress of new microbial enzymes over the past five years,and focuses on the discovery of important industrial enzymes,such as protease,lipase/esterase and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes,with good commercial prospects.

关 键 词：极地微生物 酶资源开发 蛋白酶 脂肪酶 酯酶 糖类降解酶 

分 类 号：Q936[生物学—微生物学]