印度神话之历史性解读:湿婆篇  

Historical Interpretations of Indian Mythology:On Shiva

作　　者：姜景奎[1] JIANG Jingkui

机构地区：[1]北京大学外国语学院

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2020年第3期92-106,155,156,共17页South and Southeast Asian Studies

摘　　要：印度教是一神信仰多神崇拜的宗教,一神信仰,是就信徒的终极追求层面而言的,具哲学渊源;多神崇拜,是就信徒的现实生活层面而言的,与神话相关。印度神话主要指印度教三大神体系神话。梵天、毗湿奴、湿婆是三大主神。梵天主创造,为创造之神,妻子是主文艺的萨拉斯瓦蒂女神;毗湿奴主护持,为护持之神,妻子是主财富的拉克希米女神;湿婆主毁灭,为毁灭之神,妻子是主惩恶的帕尔瓦蒂女神。本文以湿婆为中心展开议论。庙宇林立的印度,神像比比皆是,代表毗湿奴的是毗湿奴人形形象,代表梵天的是梵天人形形象,但代表湿婆的却通常是林伽或林伽与约尼的合体形象,而且该形象几乎遍及所有印度教信仰地区和族群,成为印度文化的一大奇特之处。根据"史诗""往世书",湿婆和帕尔瓦蒂生有两子,长子是战神室建陀,次子是智神伽内什;湿婆长居北印度克什米尔地区,帕尔瓦蒂长居东印度孟加拉地区,室建陀长居南印度达罗毗荼地区,伽内什长居西印度马哈拉施特拉地区。如此,湿婆一家"四分五裂",成为印度文化的又一奇特之处。湿婆最早出于印度河文明时期的三面瑜伽尊者,属于纯粹的达罗毗荼人血统;后被强行与雅利安神楼陀罗合为一体,并屈娶雅利安女子为妻,被迫"漂白",成为达罗毗荼人与雅利安人的混合体。印度教徒以林伽或林伽约尼合体代表湿婆,乃是雅利安人征服达罗毗荼人的某种体现;一家四口分居四地,也有其"历史"原由。实际上,湿婆"身世"反映了印度达罗毗荼人族群与印度雅利安人族群的碰撞和融合,揭示了印度主体文化形成的"历史"形态。Hinduism is a religion that believes in one god and worships multiple deities.The act of believing in one god relates to the ultimate goal of the believers and has its philosophical foundations,while the act of worshiping multiple deities takes place in the believers’mundane life and has a lot to do with mythology.Indian mythology mainly denotes the mythological system of the three principal Hindu deities Brahma,Vishnu,and Shiva.Brahma is the creator god,whose wife is Sarasvati,the goddess of art and learning.Vishnu is the preserver god,whose wife is Lakshmi,the goddess of good fortune and wealth.Shiva is the destroyer god,whose wife is Parvati,the goddess who suppresses evils.This essay focuses on Shiva in particular.In India,temples abound,and pictures and statues of gods are everywhere.While Vishnu and Brahma are worshipped in their personified forms,Shiva is usually worshipped in the form of lingam or lingam-yoni combination.This ubiquitous way in which Hindus worship Shiva is indeed an extraordinary aspect of Indian culture.According to the two epics and the puranas,Shiva and Parvati had two sons—the elder one was Skanda(god of war)and the younger one Ganesh(god of wisdom).However,the four of them stayed in remotely separate areas with Shiva dwelling in Kashmir(north),Parvati in Bengal(east),Skanda in Dravida(south)and Ganesh in Maharashtra(west).This is another extraordinary aspect of Indian culture.Shiva derived from the Indus valley seal that contained a three-faced Shiva figure in a yoga posture,who was believed by archeologists to have pure Dravidian origins.He was later“bleached”and became a hybrid of Dravidians and Aryans by involuntarily merging with the Aryan deity Rudra and marrying an Aryan wife.Hindus worship Shiva in the form of lingam or lingamyoni combination,which to some extent symbolizes the Aryans’subjugation of the Dravidians.There is also a historical explanation to the geographical separation of the four members of Shiva’s family.In fact,the“life experience”of Shiva refl

关 键 词：印度教 印度神话 湿婆 达罗毗荼人 雅利安人 

分 类 号：B932[哲学宗教—宗教学]