间接反证的理论观照与适用机理  

The Theoretical Analysis and Applicable Mechanism of Indirect Disproof

作　　者：包冰锋[1] Bao Bingfeng

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2020年第4期120-132,共13页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家法治与法学理论研究项目“民事诉讼中的争点整理与简化协议”(16SFB3025)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：滥觞于德国的间接反证理论,由罗森贝克教授基于公平原则与实质正义而创设。间接反证理论以对规范说进行补充和修正为逻辑起点,其认为运用间接证据进行间接反证的当事人亦应当对此间接反证事实承担证明责任。该论断致使间接反证理论自问世至今,便一直饱受争议,并引发了其他一系列相关联议题的论争。在法官通过事实推定对待证事实形成心证时,相对方可以通过证明别样间接事实进而颠覆先前形成的推定。即使相对方因未提出间接反证或反证不足而遭受败诉,亦与言辞辩论终结时因受证明责任规范指示而分配败诉风险的结果无涉。因此,间接反证理论并未引起证明责任的转换,实则属于自由心证的射程范围,由此才可以实现间接反证的理论自洽。间接反证理论经由反证不提出法则,与法院事实认定的素材——辩论全意旨发生关联,并间接地实现了减轻本证方当事人证明负担的目的。此外,在适用间接反证机理时,除了应当明确界分直接反证与间接反证之外,还应当基于典型事象经过与一般经验法则的盖然性要求不同而注意表见证明与间接证明的区辨适用。The indirect disproof theory,which originated in Germany,was created by Professor Rosenberg based on the principle of fairness and substantive justice.The indirect disproof theory takes supplementing and modifying the norm theory as the logical starting point,which holds that the litigant who uses indirect evidence to carry out indirect disproof should also bear the burden of proof for the indirect disproof fact.This argument has led to the indirect disproof theory has been controversial since it come out,and triggered a series of debates on other related issues.When the judge forms inner conviction through the presumption of fact,the relative litigant can overturn the previously formed presumption by proving other indirect facts.Even if the relative litigant is defeated because it has not submitted indirect Disproof or insufficient Disproof,it has nothing to do with the outcome of assigning the risk of failure at the end of the verbal argument as directed by the proof responsibility norm.Therefore,the theory of indirect disproof does not cause the transformation of the burden of proof,but actually belongs to the range of free evaluation of evidence,so that the theory of indirect disproof self-consistent can be realized.The theory of indirect disproof is related to full meanings of argument through the law of non-provision of counter-certification,which is the material of the court’s fact finding,and indirectly realizes the purpose of lightening the burden of proof on the parties.Furthermore,when applying the mechanism of indirect disproof,apart from the clear distinction between direct disproof and indirect disproof,attention should be paid to the distinction between prima facie proof and indirect proof based on the difference between the probability requirement of typical occurrence and general experience rules.

关 键 词：间接反证 间接事实 表见证明 反证不提出法则 辩论全意旨 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学]