无限进程中的时间与永恒——康德灵魂不死观的含义探究  

Time and Eternity in the Infinite Progress:Implications of Kantian Idea on the Immortality of the Soul

作　　者：居俊 JU Jun

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学哲学系,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第5期32-41,191,共11页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“康德后期伦理学研究”(15CZX049),项目负责人:刘作。

摘　　要：康德将灵魂不死规定为道德改善的无限进程。这一进程是在时间中的无尽延续还是超时间的永恒持存,学界尚无定论。倘若它是时间中的无尽延续,这就与批判哲学对灵魂理念的超时间性规定相抵牾;又若它为超时间的永恒持存,那么它指示的“道德演进”就无法理解。实际上,灵魂的无限进程可以区分为,现象自我在时间流变中的不断再生与作为本体的道德自我的永恒持存。所以,灵魂不死是时间与永恒的辩证统一。而时间与永恒的区分在人身上体现为,不完善的道德行为与完善的道德意念之区分。这一区分一方面经由道德神学视域下的上帝信仰被弥合,另一方面通过历史哲学中人类理性整体的进步趋向加以调和。Kant determined the immortality of the soul as the infinite progress of the moral improvement. However, it is controversial as to whether the progress is the persistence in the time or in the eternity. If it is the endless continuation in the time, this is contradictory to the atemporal determination of the soul as the transcendent idea according to the critical philosophy.If it is atemporal lasting in the eternity, we could not understand the moral improvement it signifies. In fact, the infinite progress could be divided into the continuous revival of the phenomenal self in the changing of time and the eternal persistence of the noumenal moral self. Therefore, the immortality of the soul is the dialectic unity of time and eternity. And the distinction between time and eternity in human-beings denotes the one between the imperfect moral act and the perfect moral intention. On the one hand,this distinction is dismissed in the vision of the God according to the moral theology.On the other hand, it is mediated in the direction of the rational entirety of humanbeingsaccording to the philosophy of history.

关 键 词：灵魂不死 时间 永恒 道德 上帝 至善 无限 

分 类 号：B516[哲学宗教—外国哲学]