多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的差异性影响——来自锡伯族的证据  

The influence of multilingualism and multiculturalism on individual and social switching:Evidence from the Xibe

作　　者：郭人豪 王婷 张积家[1] GUO Renhao;WANG Ting;ZHANG Jijia(Department of Psychology,Renmin University of China,The State Ethnic Affairs Commission Key Research Center for Language,Cultural,and Psychology,Key Research Center for National Psychology and Education,the National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学心理学系、国家民委民族语言文化心理重点研究基地、教育部民族教育发展中心民族心理与教育重点研究基地,北京100872

出　　处：《心理学报》2020年第9期1071-1086,共16页Acta Psychologica Sinica

基　　金：国家民委民族问题研究重点项目“少数民族学生双语学习认知规律研究”(2017-GMA-004);中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助)项目“社会变迁背景下的社会排斥研究”(16XNLQ05)。

摘　　要：多民族国家由多个民族和族群组成。个体处于各种民族关系或族群关系中,需要与其他民族或族群的人协作。“西迁”使我国的锡伯族分居于新疆和东北,走上了不同的发展道路。新疆锡伯族处于多元语言文化中,不仅保留了本民族的语言和文字,也汲取了周边民族的语言文化营养;而东北锡伯族则与汉族融合,逐渐失去了本民族的语言和文字,转用汉语和汉字。采用经典认知转换任务和联合认知转换任务,对比新疆锡伯族和东北锡伯族在个体情境下和社会情境下的认知转换功能差异,探讨多元语言文化对个体情境下与社会情境下认知转换功能的影响。结果发现,在个体情境下,新疆锡伯族的转换代价更小;在社会情境下,新疆锡伯族的联合机制更容易被激活,他们分配认知资源去表征同伴的任务,自我–他人的整合程度更高,转换代价更大。整个研究表明,多元语言文化对认知转换功能具有不同的影响:促进个体情境下的认知转换功能,降低社会情境下的认知转换功能。本研究的结果为多民族国家的文化和心理建设提供了重要启示。Humans are quintessentially social,yet much of cognitive psychology has focused on the individual,in individual settings.The literature on joint action is one of the most prominent exceptions.Joint-action research studies the sociality of our mental representations by examining how the tasks of other people around us affect our own task performance.Executive functions are a family of general-purpose cognitive processes that allow us to regulate cognition.The main executive functions are inhibition,shifting,and updating of working memory.Growing evidence suggests that executive functions can be automatically activated in non-social contexts as well as social ones.It is necessary to test whether people automatically engage in doing the tasks their partners do even when it requires executive functions.The Xibe is one of the ethnic groups in China,mainly inhabits Liaoning,Jilin,and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.The“westward migration”separated the Xibe in Xinjiang and Northeast China and embarked on different development paths.Xibe living in Xinjiang is in a multilingual culture,which not only retains the Xibe language(part of the Tungus-Manchu group of the Altaic phylum),but also absorbs the language and culture of the surrounding ethnic groups,such as the Uigur and Kazak.While the Northeast Xibe merges with the Han ethnic group and gradually loses their own ethnic culture and language.The present study investigates the influence of multi-language and multi-culture on social cognitive function,using a task-switching paradigm to examine one of the core executive functions,which is switching.In Experiment 1,the classical cognitive switching task was conducted to compare cognitive flexibility between the Xingjiang Xibe and the Northeast Xibe.Participants performed either a parity task(odd or even)or a magnitude task(bigger or smaller than 5),according to the frame around the number(diamond or square).The results showed that Xingjiang Xibe have smaller switch costs in the RT measure and greater accuracy.Experimen

关 键 词：新疆锡伯族 东北锡伯族 联合行动 认知转换功能 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学] B849[哲学宗教—心理学]