哀敬两尽:从“君视大敛”看君臣、父子伦理的情感内涵  

Sorrow and Respect Thoroughly Expressed: Examining theEmotional Connotation of Monarch-Officials and Father-SonRelationship Through an Analysis of“Jun Shi Da Lian”

作　　者：李松涛 LI Songtao(Department of Sociology,Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系

出　　处：《社会》2020年第5期63-90,共28页Chinese Journal of Sociology

摘　　要：以君臣、父子为代表的政治伦理与亲属伦理及其内在的精神情感构成了中国社会结构、家国关系及政治秩序的深层根基。本文通过对《士丧礼》中“君视大敛”这一环节的描述分析,指出君臣之间以敬为主的情感内涵与父子之间以哀为主的情感内涵相互影响,交织在一起,而从根本上讲,这两种情感及其相互作用统一于儒家的仁义思想之中。通过对这两种伦理之情感内涵的讨论,文章进一步明晰了中国历史传统中家国关系的内在精神情感通路,即性情仁厚之人在家庭内部孝敬父母,才能在国家层面忠于君主,而国家层面的君臣关系也关照、影响着家庭内的父子关系。文章同时也为理解当下身处尊卑有等与亲疏有差两层关系中的中国人的内在情感状态、行动伦理以及在此结构中形成的社会人格提供了一种新的解释。For the ancient Chinese,father-son relationship is the most important ethical relationship within the family,and the relationship between monarch and officials is the most important at the national level. People not only adhere to themoral requirements of the kinship, but also to the political ethics governing themonarch-officials relationship. The spiritual connotation of the two relations has laidthe foundation of the social structure, the family-state relation, as well as the politicalorder of traditional China. This paper analyzes the description of the“jun shi da lian”ritual(Emperor's attendance of funeral ceremony) in The Mourning Rites of Scholar-Officials to demonstrate how these two different relationships, deeply rooted inConfucianism, are interwoven together, interacting and influencing with each other.The respect emphasized in the state mourning ritual and the sadness emphasized inthe family mourning ritual show the inner spiritual and emotional path of thetraditional family -state relationship in China, that is, only people with a good heartwho are filial towards their parents at home would be loyal to the monarch at thenational political level. Similarly, how monarch and officials carry out theirrelationship reflects the father -son relations at the family level. The paper offers anew explanation for understanding the Chinese inner emotional state, behavior ethics,and social character and how they are shaped by this relationship structure in twolayers: the hierarchy between superiors and inferiors and the differential obligationsamong family members.

关 键 词：丧礼 家国 君臣 父子 伦理 

分 类 号：B822[哲学宗教—伦理学] B823.1