论民事诉讼被告之“明确”  

On the"Definiteness"of the Defendant in Civil Litigation

作　　者：段文波[1] Duan Wenbo

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学比较民事诉讼法中心

出　　处：《比较法研究》2020年第5期164-176,共13页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“庭审中心视角下的事实主张阶段化审查模式研究”(项目号:19YJC820028)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“有明确的被告”系我国民事诉讼起诉受案条件之一,界定“明确”的标准不明引发了实践中裁判方式的混乱以及双方当事人确定标准的不同。在民事诉讼理论层面上,即涉及将被告明确作为诉的合法性要件进行审查还是作为诉的有理性要件加以应对。民事诉讼法试行之初,在当事人更换制度的配合下,基于当事人的诉讼能力,明确性仅指主体的特定性,并不要求具有解决纠纷的妥当性,即适格。而在废止当事人变更的情形下,应将被告的明确性界定为适格,以节约审判资源并维持当事人适格审查的一体化。被告是否适格具有先决性,必须确定存在后方可续行审理并作出实体判决,当被告“不适格”时应裁定驳回起诉而不能判决驳回诉讼请求。A"definite"defendant is one of the conditions for prosecuting and accepting a case in China.The unclear standard of defining"definiteness"leads to the confusion of referee mode in practice and the difference of the standard of the parties'proper examination.That is to say,when the defendant is not definite,the judge should decide whether to dismiss the prosecution or to continue the trial.From the theory of civil procedure law,it involves whether the defendant's indeterminacy should be examined as the legal or rational elements of the action.At the beginning of the trial implementation of the civil procedure law,with the cooperation of the parties'replacement system,considering the status of the parties'litigation ability,definiteness only refers to the specificity of the subject,and does not require the appropriateness of resolving disputes,that is,proper.In the case of abolishing the parties'replacement system,the definiteness of the defendant should be defined as proper to save trial resources and maintain the integration of the proper review of the parties.Whether the defendant is proper or not is a prerequisite.Only when the defendant is proper can the trial be continued and the substantive judgment can be made.When the defendant is"improper,"the judge should rule to dismiss the suit rather than reject the claim,even if it is clear that the plaintiff's claim has no reason at the same time or in advance.

关 键 词：明确的被告 当事人适格 当事人更换 驳回起诉 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学]