新中国成立以来高校招考命题工作机制变革及反思  

The Reform and Reflection on the Mechanism of Question Assigning for Nat ional College Entrance Examination since the Founding of the People's R epublic of China

作　　者：刘亮 靳培培[1] LIU Liang;JIN Pei-pei(Zhengzhou University School of Education,Zhengzhou 450001,China;Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Public Administration,Zhengzhou 450001,China)

机构地区：[1]郑州大学教育学院,郑州450001 [2]郑州大学公共管理博士后科研流动站,郑州450001

出　　处：《教育学报》2020年第5期43-52,共10页Journal of Educational Studies

基　　金：河南省高等学校重点科研项目“新高考背景下高校招生考试命题方式改革研究”(项目编号:20A880031)系列成果之一;河南省高校哲学社会科学创新团队支持计划(2019-CXTD-09)系列成果之一。

摘　　要：新中国成立以来高校招考命题工作机制历经了由经验命题到科学命题的变革,高考标准化改革是此变革的重要标志。与经验式机制相比,科学化机制以教育目标分类学指导考试大纲的制定,通过增设客观题等方式控制评分误差,组建包括高校教师、中学教师和研究人员等在内的命题队伍,设立试题评价和命题研究环节。与境外招考命题相比,通常我国高考的命题依据更明确、主客观题型搭配更合理、权威性更高,也更易造成应试主义、更难消除评分误差。尽管高考命题工作机制已进入科学化阶段,但命题改革仍需处理好甄别选拔与促教育人、考查能力与力求客观、保证科学与追求公平、提升效率与因地施考等多对基本矛盾。By analyzing the evolution of Gaokao(National College Entrance Examination)since the founding of PRC,this study finds that the Gaokao question assigning mechanism has undergone a transfor-mation from an empirical paradigm to a scientific one with the standardization of Gaokao as an important symbol.Compared with the empirical mechanism,the scientific one formulates examination syllabus under the guidance of taxonomy of educational objectives,control scoring errors by adding objective questions,set up a professional team including university teachers,middle school teachers and researchers,and add links of examination questions evaluation and research.In comparison with questions assigning mecha-nisms abroad,the basis of Gaokao question assigning is clearer,the combination of subjective and objective questions is more reasonable and the examination is more authoritative.However,it is more likely to cause exam-oriented education and more difficult to eliminate scoring errors.Although Gaokao question assigning mechanism is basically scientific,there are still some basic contradictions to deal with correctly in future reforms:promoting education and carefully selecting talents,examining ability and striving to be ob-jective,ensuring science and pursuing fairness,improving efficiency and adjusting measures to local condi-tions.

关 键 词：高考命题工作机制 经验命题 科学命题 命题依据 命题组织 命题技术 

分 类 号：G529[文化科学—教育学]