宅基地“三权分置”中的“使用权”:试点样态与法律设计  

The "Right of Use" in the "Separation of Three Rights" of Residential Bases: Pilot Patterns and Legal Design

作　　者：李兴宇 Li Xingyu

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学人文社会科学学院,北京100083

出　　处：《新疆社会科学》2020年第4期69-77,147,共10页Social Sciences in Xinjiang

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“新时代中国特色土地管理法律制度完善研究”(18ZDA151);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助“生态环境修复责任实现机制研究”(BLX201947);中国博士后科学基金第67批面上资助“类型区分视角下生态环境损害救济制度的法律设计”(2020M670174)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：以政策文本和试点实践来看,宅基地“三权分置”政策所提“适度放活使用权”中的“使用权”并非《民法典》中的宅基地使用权,应将其界定为宅基地租赁权,这样可以一体解释试点实践中盘活闲置宅基地的多种流转方式。宅基地资格权为成员权,不属于宅基地“三权分置”的权利结构。在坚持集体土地所有权和宅基地使用权的基础上,增设宅基地租赁权延长土地利用权利链,将宅基地“三权分置”表达为“集体土地所有权、宅基地使用权、宅基地租赁权”,应赋予租赁权登记能力和抵押权能,增强其物权效力。宅基地租赁权包括意定租赁权和法定租赁权。法定租赁权在非本集体经济组织成员因继承、买卖、抵押权实现等方式取得农民房屋所有权,但无法取得宅基地使用权时产生,既可以由宅基地使用权派生,也可以由集体土地所有权派生。其期限可与建设用地使用权保持一致,最长期限不得超过70年。In terms of policy text and pilot practice,the"right to use"in the policy of"separation of the three rights of ownership"of residential bases,which refers to the"moderate liberalization of the right to use",is not the same as the"right to use"in the Civil Code.The right to use residential bases should be defined as the right to lease residential bases,so that the many ways of transferring idle residential bases in the pilot practice can be interpreted as one.The right to qualify for the use of residential bases is a membership right and does not belong to the"separation of powers"structure of residential bases.On the basis of insisting on the ownership of collective land and the right to use residential bases,the addition of the right to lease residential bases extends the chain of land use rights,and expresses the"separation of the three rights"of residential bases as"the right to own collective land and use residential bases".The"residential base tenancy rights"should be given the ability to register the tenancy rights and mortgage rights to enhance the effectiveness of their property rights.The right to lease the residential land includes the intentional lease right and the statutory lease right.The statutory tenancy right arises when a non-member of the collective economic organization acquires ownership of a peasant's house through inheritance,sale and purchase,or the realization of a mortgage,but is unable to acquire the right to use the residential base,and can be derived from either the right to use the residential base or the collective land ownership.Its duration may be consistent with the right to use construction land,and the maximum duration shall not exceed 70 years.

关 键 词：宅基地 三权分置 使用权 资格权 租赁权 

分 类 号：D912.3[政治法律—法学]