日本寒冷地带北海道大米蛋白质和直链淀粉含量的年度与地区间差异及其影响因素  

Differences and Influencing Factors of Protein and Amylose Content in Rice from Different Years and Areas in Cold Region,Hokkaido in Japan

作　　者：丹野久 Hisashi Tanno(Hokkaido Agricultural Association,Sapporo Hokkaido Japan,060-0004)

机构地区：[1]北海道农产协会,日本北海道札幌060-0004

出　　处：《粮油食品科技》2020年第6期57-74,共18页Science and Technology of Cereals,Oils and Foods

摘　　要：日本北海道大米的蛋白质和直链淀粉含量越低,其味就越好。1991—2006年(北海道15个种植地区)间的蛋白质含量范围是7.2%~8.6%(7.2%~8.2%),直链淀粉含量的范围为18.3%~22.2%(19.8%~21.2%),蛋白质和直链淀粉含量年度间的差异分别是种植地区间差异的1.4和2.8倍。这是由于水稻的种植期间及其各生长阶段的平均气温和产量等,生育特性的年度间差异,是种植地区间差异的1.6~4.4倍。在这16年期间,抽穗期越早,障碍危险期(出穗前24天开始的30天期间)的温度高引起的。不结实率越低,千粒重越重,稻谷产量越高,蛋白质含量则越低。成熟气温(出穗后40天期间的日均累计气温)与蛋白质含量之间有二次回归方程的关系,成熟气温843℃时蛋白质含量最低。在分蘖期间风速大、水稻生育初期的土壤氮素可吸态化速度小引起的初期生育不良的湿地土壤和地区,蛋白质含量与成熟气温的二次回归关系不明显;相反千粒重越重,蛋白质含量越高。在种植地区之间,蛋白质含量与这些发育特性之间没有明显的不相关,稻田泥炭土比率越低,在分蘖期间风速越小,蛋白质含量则越低。另外,在不同年度和种植地区之间,抽穗越早、成熟气温越高,直链淀粉含量则越低。在种植地区之间,离海距离越近,纬度(北纬)越低,成熟气温越低,直链淀粉的含量则越低。The lower the protein and amylose contents,the better was the eating quality of non-glutinous rice.The protein content(PC)and amylose content(AC)of rice in 15 planting areas of Hokkaido from 1991 to 2006 were analyzed.The average variation range of protein content was 7.2%-8.6%(7.2%-8.2%)in all planting areas(all years),and the average range of amylose content was 18.3%-22.2%(19.8%-21.2%).The annual variation of protein and amylose content was 1.4 and 2.8 times of that between planting areas,respectively.This was because the range of the yearly variation in the average temperature and growth characteristics like grain yield during rice cultivation season and some growth stages was 1.6-4.4 times larger than that of regional variation.During the 16 years,the earlier the heading date was,the higher the temperature at the freezing injury sensitive stage of sterile rice seedlings,the lower the sterility,the heavier the 1000-kernel-weight;the higher the grain yield,and the lower the PC.Within 40 days after heading,the daily average temperature reached 843℃,and the PC were lowest in the quadratic regression equation.Those relationships wasn’t clear in the area where has high wind speed during tillering,low available rate of soil nitrogen and poor initial growth,on the contrary,between PC and 1000-kernel-weight,a positive relationship was found.The regional variation of PC did not correlate with these growth characteristics,but the lower the ratio of peat soil in the paddy field and the lower the wind speed during tillering,the lower was the PC.On the other hand among both years and regions the earlier the heading date,the higher the CTAH,the lower was the AC.Among areas,the shorter distance from the sea,the lower north latitude and the smaller mean diurnal temperature range during 40 days after heading,the lower was the AC.

关 键 词：北海道粳米 影响因素 直链淀粉含量 蛋白质含量 地区间差异 年度间差异 

分 类 号：TS5-33[轻工技术与工程—皮革化学与工程] S511[农业科学—作物学]